ถึง

hingga; sejauh; hanya sebanyak

hingga; sampai

Often emphasizes the eventual endpoint of a continuing action or progression.

sampai; hingga

Typically marks how long an action continues or how far it extends, rather than a neutral destination.

sampai; hingga; sejauh (cakapan)

mencapai; menyentuh (suatu tingkat)

mencapai; menyentuh; berbatasan

memasuki; mencapai periode atau tahap

[untuk] mencapai; meraih

Emphasizes successful attainment of a goal or level rather than ordinary arrival.

mencapai; membentang hingga

datang; tiba

mencapai; meraih; tiba pada

kepada; untuk [seseorang] (formal)

Respectfully marks a recipient, especially in dedications or ceremonial giving, rather than a general destination.

ke; menuju; ke dalam (formal/sastra)

Typically marks movement toward a destination or state, often in formal writing, rather than an addressee.

ke; kepada; ditujukan kepada (penanda formal)

kepada; terhadap (penerima/pihak yang terdampak)

Marks a recipient, especially with giving or communicating, rather than a destination.

meskipun; walaupun

Typically introduces an actual concession ('although'), rather than emphasizing a hypothetical 'even if'.

bahkan jika; tidak peduli apa atau bagaimana

Emphasizes that even a hypothetical condition would not change the outcome.

sekalipun; meskipun; walaupun

bahkan; sampai-sampai

Emphasizes surprising degree, often before a clause, rather than directly marking a numerical amount.

sampai; sebanyak (menekankan jumlah/durasi)

Emphasizes a surprisingly large number, amount, or duration rather than an extreme result.

tentang; mengenai; perihal

Explicitly introduces a topic, but is less interchangeable with ถึง after verbs of thought.

tentang; mengenai (formal)