ขั้ว
kûuaMeanings
1NounB2
pole (geography/astronomy)
either end of a rotating body's axis, such as the Earth's North or South Pole
Examples
ที่tîiที่tîi1place; spot; seat; space2at; in; to (a place)3classifier: places; seats; individual servings4that/which/who (relative marker)5when; the time that (time marker)6ordinal markerขั้วโลกkûua-lôokขั้วโลกkûua-lôok1Earth’s pole (North or South)2polar regionอุณหภูมิun-hà-puumอุณหภูมิun-hà-puumtemperatureต่ำdtàmต่ำdtàm1low; not high2low-class; inferior; base3low-pitched; low (voice/tone)มากmâakมากmâak1very; extremely2much; a lot; greatly3many; numerousเพราะprɔ́เพราะprɔ́1because2because of; due to3melodious; pleasant-soundingดวงอาทิตย์duuang-aa-títดวงอาทิตย์duuang-aa-títthe Sunส่องแสงsɔ̀ɔng-sɛ̌ɛngส่องแสงsɔ̀ɔng-sɛ̌ɛng1[to] shine; emit light2[to] stand out; attract attention; show promise (figurative)เอียงiiangเอียงiiang1tilted; slanted; inclined2[to] tilt; lean; slant3biased; partial; skewed; slantedเข้ามาkâo-maaเข้ามาkâo-maa1to come in; enter (toward the speaker)2to join/enter into (activity, group, context)3directional complement ‘in/toward here’
At the poles, temperatures are very low because the sun’s light reaches at a slant.
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นักวิทยาศาสตร์nák-wít-tá-yaa-sàatศึกษาsʉ̀k-sǎaการละลายgaan-lá-laaiของkɔ̌ɔngน้ำแข็งnáam-kɛ̌ngที่tîiขั้วโลกkûua-lôokเพื่อpʉ̂ʉaทำความเข้าใจtam-kwaam-kâo-jaiการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศgaan-bplìian-bplɛɛng-sà-pâap-puum-aa-gàat
Scientists study ice melt at the poles to understand climate change.
แกนหมุนgɛɛn-mǔnของkɔ̌ɔngโลกlôokเอียงiiangเล็กน้อยlék-nɔ́ɔiทำให้tam-hâiพื้นที่pʉ́ʉn-tîiใกล้glâiขั้วโลกkûua-lôokมีmiiช่วงchûuangเวลากลางวันwee-laa-glaang-wanและlɛ́กลางคืนglaang-kʉʉnยาวนานyaao-naanผิดปกติpìt-bpòk-gà-dtì
The Earth's axis is slightly tilted, causing regions near the poles to have unusually long periods of day and night.
โลกlôokหมุนรอบmǔn-rɔ̂ɔpแกนgɛɛnที่tîiมีขั้วmii-kûuaเหนือnʉ̌ʉaและlɛ́ขั้วkûuaใต้dtâaiเป็นbpenปลายbplaaiทั้งสองtáng-sɔ̌ɔng
The Earth spins around an axis with the North and South Poles at its two ends.
นักสำรวจnák-sǎm-rùuatเดินทางdəən-taangไปถึงbpai-tʉ̌ngขั้วโลกใต้kûua-lôok-dtâaiหลังจากlǎng-jàakเตรียมตัวdtriiam-dtuuaมาหลายเดือนmaa-lǎai-dʉʉan
The explorers reached the South Pole after months of preparation.
ถ้าtâaเราraoยืนyʉʉnที่tîiขั้วโลกเหนือkûua-lôok-nʉ̌ʉaเราraoจะjàเห็นhěnดวงดาวduuang-daaoหมุนรอบmǔn-rɔ̂ɔpศีรษะsǐi-sàตลอดคืนdtà-lɔ̀ɔt-kʉʉn
If we stand at the North Pole, we will see the stars circling overhead all night.
แกนgɛɛnของkɔ̌ɔngโลกlôokเอียงiiangเล็กน้อยlék-nɔ́ɔiทำให้tam-hâiบริเวณbɔɔ-rí-weenขั้วkûuaทั้งสองtáng-sɔ̌ɔngมีmiiฤดูกาลrʉ́-duu-gaanที่tîiต่างจากdtàang-jàakบริเวณbɔɔ-rí-weenเส้นศูนย์สูตรsên-sǔun-sùutอย่างชัดเจนyàang-chát-jeen
The Earth's axis tilts slightly, causing the regions at both poles to have seasons clearly different from the equator.
เนื่องจากnêʉuang jàakการหมุนgaan mŭnของkŏngโลกlôhkรอบrôpๆ-ขั้วkûuaจึงjeungเกิดgèrtปรากฏการณ์bpraa-gòt-gaanกลางวันglaang wanยาวนานyaao naanและláeกลางคืนglaang keunยาวนานyaao naanสลับกันsà-làp ganตามdtaamช่วงเวลาchûuang way-laa
Due to the Earth's rotation, areas around the poles experience alternating periods of extended daylight and extended darkness.
2NounB2
pole; terminal (electric)
an electrical terminal or one of two opposite points in a cell or circuit
Examples
ต่อสายdtɔ̀ɔ-sǎaiต่อสายdtɔ̀ɔ-sǎai1[to] connect a call; [to] put [sb] through2[to] connect/extend a wire, cable, or lineแบตเตอรี่bɛ̀t-dtəə-rîiแบตเตอรี่bɛ̀t-dtəə-rîibatteryให้hâiให้hâi1[to] give; provide2[to] allow; let; permit3[to] have [sb] do; cause to4for (benefit of)5so that; in order to6until; to the point that (result)ถูกtùukถูกtùuk1cheap; inexpensive2correct; right3to be correct/right4proper; morally right5[to] be affected; suffer (often adverse)6passive marker (often adverse)ขั้วkûuaขั้วkûua1pole (geography/astronomy)2pole; terminal (electric)3faction; side; camp4stalk; stem; attachment point (botany)5opposite extreme; antipode (fig.)บวกกับbùuak-gàpบวกกับbùuak-gàp1[to] add [sth] to [sth]; combine with2plus; together withบวกbùuakบวกbùuak1[to] add (numbers)2addition sign (+)3plus; positive; favorable4to add; includeลบlópลบlóp1[to] erase; delete; wipe off2minus; negative3[to] subtract4negativeกับgàpกับgàp1with; together with2and (informal)3side dish; accompaniment4against; versus5to; toward (recipient/target)6classifier: sets/pairs (spoon and fork)ลบlópลบlóp1[to] erase; delete; wipe off2minus; negative3[to] subtract4negativeไม่อย่างนั้นmâi-yàang-nánไม่อย่างนั้นmâi-yàang-nánotherwise; if not; or elseวงจรwong-jɔɔnวงจรwong-jɔɔn1circuit (electrical/electronic)2cycle; loopจะjàจะjà1will; shall (future/intention marker)2about to; going to (near future, often w/ กำลังจะ)3will; would (in conditional results)เสียหายsǐia-hǎaiเสียหายsǐia-hǎai1damaged; spoiled; impaired2[to] be damaged; suffer loss
Connect the battery cables to the correct terminals—positive to positive, negative to negative—otherwise the circuit will be damaged.
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ถ้าtâaเสียบปลั๊กsìiap-bplákกลับglàpขั้วkûuaอุปกรณ์ù-bpà-gɔɔnบางชนิดbaang-chá-nítอาจàatไม่ทำงานmâi-tam-ngaanหรือrʉ̌ʉเกิดgə̀ətการลัดวงจรgaan-lát-wong-jɔɔn
If you plug it in with reversed polarity, some devices may not work or a short circuit may occur.
ก่อนgɔ̀ɔnวัดแรงwát-rɛɛngดันdanให้hâiตรวจสอบdtrùuat-sɔ̀ɔpขั้วkûuaของkɔ̌ɔngมัลติมิเตอร์man-dtì-mí-dtə̂əและlɛ́แหล่งจ่ายไฟlɛ̀ng-jàai-faiว่าwâaเชื่อมต่อchʉ̂ʉam-dtɔ̀ɔถูกต้องtùuk-dtɔ̂ngเพื่อpʉ̂ʉaป้องกันbpɔ̂ng-ganความเสียหายkwaam-sǐia-hǎai
Before measuring voltage, check that the multimeter terminals and the power supply are connected correctly to prevent damage.
แผงโซลาร์เซลล์pɛ̌ɛng-soo-lâa-seelมีขั้วmii-kûuaเอาต์พุตao-pútชัดเจนchát-jeenหากhàakต่อdtɔ̀ɔอนุกรมà-nú-gromหรือrʉ̌ʉขนานkà-nǎanผิดpìtขั้วkûuaค่าkâaกระแสgrà-sɛ̌ɛและlɛ́แรงดันrɛɛng-danที่tîiได้dâaiจะผิดjà-pìtจากที่jàak-tîiออกแบบɔ̀ɔk-bɛ̀ɛp
A solar panel has clearly marked output terminals; if you connect series or parallel with reversed terminals, the current and voltage will deviate from the design.
3NounB2
faction; side; camp
one of two or more opposing groups, viewpoints, or alignments
Examples
การเมืองgaan-mʉʉangการเมืองgaan-mʉʉang1politics; political affairs2politicking; power playsท้องถิ่นtɔ́ɔng-tìnท้องถิ่นtɔ́ɔng-tìn1local; regional2the local area; localityแบ่งเป็นbɛ̀ng-bpenแบ่งเป็นbɛ̀ng-bpen[to] divide [sth] intoสองsɔ̌ɔngสองsɔ̌ɔng1two; 22secondขั้วkûuaขั้วkûua1pole (geography/astronomy)2pole; terminal (electric)3faction; side; camp4stalk; stem; attachment point (botany)5opposite extreme; antipode (fig.)ทำให้tam-hâiทำให้tam-hâi1[to] make; cause [sb/sth] to [do/be sth]; render2[to] do/make [sth] for [sb]การตัดสินใจgaan-dtàt-sǐn-jaiการตัดสินใจgaan-dtàt-sǐn-jai1a decision2decision-makingบางbaangบางbaang1some; certain2thin; slightเรื่องrʉ̂ʉangเรื่องrʉ̂ʉang1matter; issue; subject2story; tale3classifier for stories/films/cases4about; regarding (as a topic marker)ยากyâakยากyâak1difficult; hard2unlikely; hard to imagine happening3poor; impoverished (dated/formal)ขึ้นkʉ̂nขึ้นkʉ̂n1[to] go up; rise; ascend2[to] increase3[to] board; get on4result complement: upward/better5postverbal particle: onset or occurrence6[to] sprout; grow; appear7northward/up-country
Local politics is divided into two camps, making decisions on some issues more difficult.
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ในnaiชมรมchom-romก็gɔ̂มีmiiสองsɔ̌ɔngขั้วkûuaความคิดkwaam-kítคือkʉʉขั้วkûuaที่tîiอยากyàakจัดjàtงานใหญ่ngaan-yàiกับgàpขั้วkûuaที่tîiอยากyàakประหยัดbprà-yàtงบngóp
In the club there are two factions: one wants to hold a big event and the other wants to save the budget.
สื่อsʉ̀ʉรายงานraai-ngaanว่าwâaพรรคการเมืองpák-gaan-mʉʉangเริ่มrə̂əmจับมือjàp-mʉʉกับgàpขั้วkûuaเดิมdəəmอีกครั้งìik-krángเพื่อpʉ̂ʉaสร้างsâangเสียงข้างมากsǐiang-kâang-mâakในnaiสภาsà-paa
The media reported that the political party has begun joining hands with its former camp again to form a majority in parliament.
ประเด็นbprà-denสิ่งแวดล้อมsìng-wɛ̂ɛt-lɔ́ɔmทำให้เกิดtam-hâi-gə̀ətขั้วkûuaใหม่màiที่tîiข้ามเส้นkâam-sênแบ่งbɛ̀ngเดิมdəəmระหว่างrá-wàangกลุ่มธุรกิจglùm-tú-rá-gìtกับgàpนักเคลื่อนไหวnák-klʉ̂ʉan-wǎi
Environmental issues have created a new alignment that crosses the old divide between business groups and activists.
4NounC1
stalk; stem; attachment point (botany)
the stalk or connecting part by which a fruit, flower, or leaf is attached to a branch or stem
Examples
เวลาwee-laaเวลาwee-laa1time2time; period; occasion3when; at the time (that)4classifier: scheduled occasions; meals; dosesปลูกbplùukปลูกbplùuk1[to] plant; grow (plants)2[to] build (a house); erect; set up (structure)3[to] instill; cultivate (values/habits)มะเขือเทศmá-kʉ̌ʉa-têetมะเขือเทศmá-kʉ̌ʉa-têet1tomato (fruit)2tomato plantต้องdtɔ̂ngต้องdtɔ̂ng1must; have to2must; bound toระวังrá-wangระวังrá-wang1[to] be careful; take care2watch out!; caution!3[to] watch out for; guard againstไม่ให้mâi-hâiไม่ให้mâi-hâi1[to] not give; withhold; refuse to give2[to] not allow; not let; forbid3so that not; in order to preventขั้วkûuaขั้วkûua1pole (geography/astronomy)2pole; terminal (electric)3faction; side; camp4stalk; stem; attachment point (botany)5opposite extreme; antipode (fig.)ผลpǒnผลpǒn1classifier: fruits2result; outcome3benefit; advantageหักhàkหักhàk1[to] break; snap2broken; snapped3[to] deduct; withhold4[to] swerve; turn the wheel sharply5[to] bend; fold back6minus; lessเพราะprɔ́เพราะprɔ́1because2because of; due to3melodious; pleasant-soundingจะjàจะjà1will; shall (future/intention marker)2about to; going to (near future, often w/ กำลังจะ)3will; would (in conditional results)ทำtamทำtam1[to] do; make2[to] act; behave3[to] cook; prepare food4[to] do; carry out (work)5[to] cause; makeให้ผลhâi-pǒnให้ผลhâi-pǒn1[to] yield results; be effective2[to] bear fruit; produce fruitช้ำchámช้ำchám1bruised (skin/fruit/plant)2sore; tender from overuse/impact3emotionally wounded; heartsoreง่ายngâaiง่ายngâai1easy; simple2easily; readily
When planting tomatoes, be careful not to break the fruit’s stalk, as it will bruise easily.
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คนสวนkon-sǔuanตัดdtàtดอกกุหลาบdɔ̀ɔk-gù-làapโดยdooiเฉือนchʉ̌ʉanขั้วkûuaดอกdɔ̀ɔkให้hâiเฉียงchǐiangเพื่อให้pʉ̂ʉa-hâiดอกdɔ̀ɔkดูduuสดsòtนานขึ้นnaan-kʉ̂nในnaiแจกันjɛɛ-gan
The gardener cut the rose by slicing the flower’s stalk at an angle so it would stay fresh longer in the vase.
การgaanเน่าnâoเริ่มrə̂əmจากjàakขั้วkûuaผลpǒnมะม่วงmá-mûuangเพราะprɔ́มีmiiความชื้นkwaam-chʉ́ʉnสะสมsà-sǒmทำให้tam-hâiเชื้อราchʉ́ʉa-raaลุกลามlúk-laamเข้าสู่kâo-sùuเนื้อผลnʉ́ʉa-pǒn
Rot begins at the mango’s fruit stalk due to accumulated moisture, allowing fungi to spread into the flesh.
ชาวสวนchaao-sǔuanพันธุ์panไม้ประดับmáai-bprà-dàpมักmákชำchamกิ่งgìngโดยdooiคงkongขั้วkûuaใบbaiไว้wáiบางส่วนbaang-sùuanเพื่อpʉ̂ʉaกระตุ้นgrà-dtûnการสร้างgaan-sâangรากrâakและlɛ́ลดlótการคายgaan-kaaiน้ำnáam
Ornamental plant growers often propagate cuttings by retaining part of the leaf’s stalk to stimulate root formation and reduce transpiration.
5NounC1
opposite extreme; antipode (fig.)
a position or quality that is the direct opposite of another
Examples
แนวคิดnɛɛo-kítแนวคิดnɛɛo-kít1concept; idea; notion2approach; perspective3school of thought; set of ideasของkɔ̌ɔngของkɔ̌ɔng1of; belonging to2thing; item; stuff3property; goodsสองsɔ̌ɔngสองsɔ̌ɔng1two; 22secondคนนี้kon-níiคนนี้kon-níithis personอยู่yùuอยู่yùu1[to] live; reside; stay2to be (located); be at3progressive/continuative marker4to exist; remainกันganกันgan1together; together with2each other; one another (post-verb marker)3[to] prevent; keep [sth] out; ward off; block4protective; resistant to; -proof5I; me (informal, male speech)6[to] set aside; reserve; earmarkคนละขั้วkon-lá-kûuaคนละขั้วkon-lá-kûuapolar oppositesจนjonจนjon1poor2until; up to3so ... that; to the point ofแทบtɛ̂ɛpแทบtɛ̂ɛp1almost; nearly2virtually; practicallyหาhǎaหาhǎa1[to] look for; search for2[to] find (after searching)3[to] get; procure4[to] earn (money); make a living5[to] visit; go see6[to] seek out; contactจุดjùtจุดjùt1dot; spot; speck2point (location/time)3[to] light; ignite4point (argument/aspect)5decimal point6degree (° symbol)7point (classifier for small dots/points)ตรงกลางdtrong-glaangตรงกลางdtrong-glaang1in the middle; centrally2central; middle (located at the center)3the middle; the centerไม่ได้mâi-dâaiไม่ได้mâi-dâai1cannot; not allowed; impossible2did not3[to] fail to get/receive [sth]4unacceptable; not allowed (won’t do)5No way!; absolutely not6not really/actually (corrective)
Their ideas are at opposite poles, making it nearly impossible to find middle ground.
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บุคลิกbùk-ká-líkเธอtəəกับgàpพี่สาวpîi-sǎaoต่างกันdtàang-ganสุดขั้วsùt-kûuaคนหนึ่งkon-nʉ̀ngเงียบขรึมngîiap-krʉ̌mอีกìikคนkonร่าเริงrâa-rəəngเปิดเผยbpə̀ət-pə̌əi
Her personality and her sister’s are polar opposites: one is reserved, the other is cheerful and outgoing.
ข้อเสนอkɔ̂ɔ-sà-nə̌əทั้งสองtáng-sɔ̌ɔngเป็นbpenขั้วkûuaตรงกันข้ามdtrong-gan-kâamอย่างสิ้นเชิงyàang-sîn-chəəngจนjonต้องdtɔ̂ngหาวิธีhǎa-wí-tiiประสานbprà-sǎanให้hâiลงตัวlong-dtuua
The two proposals are complete opposites, to the point that we must find a way to reconcile them.
ในทางnai-taangศิลปะsǐn-lá-bpàสุนทรียะsǔn-tá-rii-yáของkɔ̌ɔngความเรียบง่ายkwaam-rîiap-ngâaiมักmákถูกtùukวางไว้waang-wáiเป็นbpenขั้วkûuaกับgàpความkwaamฟุ้งเฟ้อfúng-fə́ə
In art, the aesthetics of simplicity are often positioned as the polar opposite of extravagance.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classHigh class
- Tone markMai tho
- Syllable endingLive syllableNot needed here: the tone mark decides.
High class consonants
ขฃฉฐถผฝศษสห
Result
Falling tone
kûua
Starts high, rises a little, then drops clearly.
High class + Mai tho → Falling
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |