อัด
àtMeanings
1VerbB1
[to] compress; press tightly
To press, squeeze, or compact something so it becomes dense or tight (e.g., อัดลมอัดลมàt-lom1carbonated; fizzy2soft drink; soda (colloq.), อัดแน่นอัดแน่นàt-nɛ̂n1packed; jam-packed; dense2[to] compress; pack tightly3[to] be packed (with); be crammed).
Examples
ช่างchângช่างchâng1artisan; mechanic; technician2crafts-; technical (prefix)3never mind; let it be4how (exclamatory)5[to] be inclined to; be given toอัดลมàt-lomอัดลมàt-lom1carbonated; fizzy2soft drink; soda (colloq.)เข้าไปในkâo-bpai-naiเข้าไปในkâo-bpai-nai[to] go into [sth]; [to] enter [sth]ยางyaangยางyaang1rubber (material)2tire; tyre3latex; sap4rubber band (colloq.)5para rubber tree6resin; gum (botany)จนjonจนjon1poor2until; up to3so ... that; to the point ofแข็งkɛ̌ngแข็งkɛ̌ng1hard; solid2stiff; rigid; firm3strong; tough (person/stance)4frozen5erectพอดีpɔɔ-diiพอดีpɔɔ-dii1just right; exactly suitable2exactly; just (in time/amount)3just enough4happen to; by chance5[to] fit exactly; be just right
The mechanic pumps air into the tire until it’s firm.
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He compacts the soil firmly before laying the bricks in a row.
แม่mɛ̂ɛอัดàtข้าวเหนียวkâao-nǐiaoในnaiกระบอกgrà-bɔ̀ɔkให้hâiแน่นnɛ̂nเพื่อให้pʉ̂ʉa-hâiสุกsùkเสมอกันsà-mə̌ə-gan
Mom packs the sticky rice tightly in the bamboo tube so it cooks evenly.
เพื่อpʉ̂ʉaป้องกันbpɔ̂ng-ganการยุบตัวgaan-yúp-dtuuaวิศวกรwít-sà-wá-gɔɔnจึงjʉngอัดàtคอนกรีตkɔɔn-grìitด้วยdûuaiแรงสั่นสะเทือนrɛɛng-sàn-sà-tʉʉanให้hâiแน่นnɛ̂nสม่ำเสมอsà-màm-sà-mə̌ə
To prevent settlement, the engineer compacts the concrete with vibration to achieve uniform density.
2VerbB1
[to] cram; stuff in
To force many things or people into a limited space; to pack in tightly.
Examples
เขาkăoเขาkăo1he; him2she; her3they; them (context-dependent)4horn5mountain; hillอัดàtอัดàt1[to] compress; press tightly2[to] cram; stuff in3[to] record (audio/video)4[to] print (photos)5[to] beat up; hit hard (infml.)6[to] apply/lay on thickเสื้อผ้าsêua pâaเสื้อผ้าsêua pâaclothes; clothing; apparelใส่sàiใส่sài1[to] put in; [to] add2[to] wear; [to] put on3[to] include; [to] insert (data, settings)4[to] attack; [to] go at (colloq.)กระเป๋าgrà-bpăoกระเป๋าgrà-bpăo1bag; handbag; purse2pocket3wallet4classifier: ใบใบbaiใบbai1leaf2sheet; slip; card; ticket; bill; receipt3classifier for leaves, paper items, containers, and certain other objects4license; permit; certificate5bladeเล็กlékเล็กlék1small; little2young; younger; youngest3minor; slightจนแน่นjon nâen
He crammed clothes into a small bag until it was full.
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Passengers were packed tightly on the bus in the morning.
เราraoต้องdtɔ̂ngอัดàtหนังสือเรียนnǎng-sʉ̌ʉ-riianหลายlǎaiเล่มlêmลงlongกล่องglɔ̀ngเดียวdiiaoเพื่อpʉ̂ʉaประหยัดbprà-yàtค่าส่งkâa-sòng
We had to pack several textbooks into a single box to save on shipping costs.
งานเทศกาลngaan-têet-sà-gaanปีนี้bpii-níiคนkonถูกtùukอัดàtเข้าไปในkâo-bpai-naiลานกิจกรรมlaan-gìt-jà-gamจนjonแทบtɛ̂ɛpขยับตัวkà-yàp-dtuuaไม่ได้mâi-dâai
At this year’s festival, people were crammed into the event square to the point where they could hardly move.
3VerbB1
[to] record (audio/video)
To make an audio or video recording (e.g., อัดเสียงอัดเสียงàt-sǐiang[to] record audio; [to] lay down vocals/instruments, อัดวิดีโออัดวิดีโอàt-wí-dii-oo[to] record a video).
Examples
เมื่อวานmʉ̂ʉa-waanเมื่อวานmʉ̂ʉa-waan1yesterday (the day before today)2yesterday; yesterday (as an adverb)ฉันchǎnฉันchǎn1I; me2[to] eat (of Buddhist monks and novices)อัดเสียงàt-sǐiangอัดเสียงàt-sǐiang[to] record audio; [to] lay down vocals/instrumentsการประชุมgaan-bprà-chumการประชุมgaan-bprà-chum1meeting; conference; assembly2session/sitting (of a formal body)ไว้wáiไว้wái1[to] keep; save; store2[to] set aside; reserve3for later; in reserve4[to] leave (something) as is5marks retention or maintenance of a state6[to] wear; sport (hair/moustache/etc.)เผื่อpʉ̀ʉaเผื่อpʉ̀ʉa1in case; just in case; for [sb]2[to] set aside; reserve (for later/for [sb])3[to] allow for; take into accountเพื่อนpʉ̂ʉanเพื่อนpʉ̂ʉan1friend2classmate; colleague (peer)3companion; fellowฟังfangฟังfang1listen2heed3[to] sound; seem (to the ear)ย้อนหลังyɔ́ɔn-lǎngย้อนหลังyɔ́ɔn-lǎng1[to] go back; look back2retroactively; for a past period3[to] apply retroactively; backdateได้dâaiได้dâai1okay; sure; agreed2[to] get; obtain; receive3can; [to] be able to; may4[to] manage to; succeed in5actualized-action marker
Yesterday I recorded the meeting so my friends can listen later.
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เวลาway-laaไปbpaiคอนเสิร์ตkon sèrtผมpŏmมักจะmák jàอัดวิดีโอàt wí-dee-ohสั้นsânๆ-เก็บไว้gèp wáiดูdooทีหลังtee lăng
When I go to concerts, I usually record short videos to watch later.
ครูkruuให้hâiนักเรียนnák-riianอัดเสียงàt-sǐiangอ่านàanบทความbòt-kwaamแล้วlɛ́ɛoส่งsòngไฟล์faiเข้ากลุ่มkâo-glùmภายในpaai-naiคืนนี้kʉʉn-níi
The teacher told the students to record themselves reading the article and submit the file to the group by tonight.
ก่อนgònเริ่มrêrmอัดàtพอดแคสต์pòt-kâetเราraoต้องdtôngเช็กchékไมค์máiปรับระดับเสียงbpràp rá-dàp sĭiangและláeทดลองtót-longอัดàtสั้นsânๆ-เพื่อให้pêuua hâiคุณภาพเสียงkun-ná-pâap sĭiangสม่ำเสมอsà-màm-sà-mĕr
Before starting to record the podcast, we need to check the mic, adjust levels, and do a short test recording to ensure consistent audio quality.
4VerbB2
[to] print (photos)
To produce photographic prints, as in อัดรูปอัดรูปàt-rûup[to] print a photo; [to] have photos printed; not to develop photographic film.
Examples
ทริปtrípทริปtríptrip; short journey; outingนี้níiนี้níi1this (near speaker)2this one3this; the present (time/topic)ฉันchǎnฉันchǎn1I; me2[to] eat (of Buddhist monks and novices)จะjàจะjà1will; shall (future/intention marker)2about to; going to (near future, often w/ กำลังจะ)3will; would (in conditional results)เอาaoเอาao1[to] take; get; pick2[to] want (request/ordering)3[to] use; employ4[to] bring/take (for use)5marker: adverse consequence6come on; all right; go ahead7[to] have sex (vulgar slang)8auxiliary marking emphasis or resultฟิล์มfiimฟิล์มfiim1protective film; plastic film2film; movie3film (photosensitive material)ไปbpaiไปbpai1[to] go2away; off (directional complement/particle)3on; onward; continuously (aspect marker)4(aspect) completed; already pastอัดàtอัดàt1[to] compress; press tightly2[to] cram; stuff in3[to] record (audio/video)4[to] print (photos)5[to] beat up; hit hard (infml.)6[to] apply/lay on thickที่tîiที่tîi1place; spot; seat; space2at; in; to (a place)3classifier: places; seats; individual servings4that/which/who (relative marker)5when; the time that (time marker)6ordinal markerร้านประจำráan-bprà-jamร้านประจำráan-bprà-jamregular spot; go-to store/restaurantหน้าปากซอยnâa-bpàak-sɔɔiหน้าปากซอยnâa-bpàak-sɔɔientrance of an alley
For this trip, I’ll get the film developed at my regular shop at the end of the alley.
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หลังlǎngงานรับปริญญาngaan-ráp-bpà-rin-yaaเราraoเอาaoรูปrûupไปbpaiอัดàtทำtamอัลบั้มal-bâmให้hâiพ่อแม่pɔ̂ɔ-mɛ̂ɛ
After the graduation, we had the photos printed to make an album for our parents.
เขาkǎoชอบchɔ̂ɔpอัดàtรูปrûupขนาดใหญ่kà-nàat-yàiแบบbɛ̀ɛpเคลือบด้านklʉ̂ʉap-dâanเพื่อpʉ̂ʉaเอาไปao-bpaiใส่กรอบsài-grɔ̀ɔpแขวนkwɛ̌ɛnผนังpà-nǎng
He likes to print large matte photos to frame and hang on the wall.
ช่างchângแนะนำให้nɛ́-nam-hâiสแกนsà-gɛɛnเนกาทีฟná-gao-tîipก่อนgɔ̀ɔnแล้วlɛ́ɛoค่อยkɔ̂iอัดàtรูปrûupคุณภาพสูงkun-ná-pâap-sǔungเพื่อpʉ̂ʉaลดนอยส์lót-nɔɔiและlɛ́คงสีkong-sǐiให้hâiเที่ยงตรงtîiang-dtrong
The technician recommended scanning the negatives first, then making high-quality prints to reduce noise and preserve accurate colors.
5VerbB2
[to] beat up; hit hard (infml.)
To strike or attack forcefully, often repeatedly; colloquial.
Examples
เขาkǎoเขาkǎo1he; him2she; her3they; them (context-dependent)4horn5mountain; hillโมโหmoo-hǒoโมโหmoo-hǒo1angry; mad2[to] get angry; be angryจนjonจนjon1poor2until; up to3so ... that; to the point ofลุกขึ้นlúk-kʉ̂nลุกขึ้นlúk-kʉ̂n1[to] get up; stand up; rise2[to] rise up; take action; rebelอัดàtอัดàt1[to] compress; press tightly2[to] cram; stuff in3[to] record (audio/video)4[to] print (photos)5[to] beat up; hit hard (infml.)6[to] apply/lay on thickคู่กรณีkûu-gɔɔ-rá-niiคู่กรณีkûu-gɔɔ-rá-nii1adversary in a dispute2litigant; party to a caseไม่mâiไม่mâi1not (negator)2no (reply)ยั้งyángยั้งyáng1[to] restrain; hold back; curb; refrain2[to] pause; stop briefly; hesitate
He got so angry that he got up and kept pounding his opponent.
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นักมวยnák-muuaiโดนdoonอัดàtติดdtìtมุมmumเวทีwee-tiiจนjonกรรมการgam-má-gaanต้องdtɔ̂ngยุติyú-dtìการชกgaan-chók
The boxer was pounded into the corner until the referee had to stop the fight.
แก๊งวัยรุ่นgɛ́ng-wai-rûnวนwonรถrótกลับมาglàp-maaอัดàtเด็กdèkต่างdtàangโรงเรียนroong-riianซ้ำsámรอบrɔ̂ɔpสองsɔ̌ɔng
The gang of teens circled back to beat up the kids from the other school a second time.
กองหลังgong lǎngเข้าkâoช้าcháaเลยloieโดนdohnกองหน้าgong nâaอัดàtเต็มๆdtem-dtemก่อนgònล้มlómฟุบลงfúp longไปbpai
The defender came in late and got slammed hard by the striker before collapsing.
6VerbB2
[to] apply/lay on thick
To put on a lot of something, such as makeup, seasoning, or effects (e.g., อัดเครื่องเทศ, อัดฟิลเตอร์อัดฟิลเตอร์àt-fin-dtə̂ə[to] apply a filter).
Examples
วันนี้wan-níiวันนี้wan-níi1today (time of speech)2today; this day3nowadays; at presentเธอtəəเธอtəə1you (informal; familiar)2she; herอัดฟิลเตอร์àt-fin-dtə̂əอัดฟิลเตอร์àt-fin-dtə̂ə[to] apply a filterจนjonจนjon1poor2until; up to3so ... that; to the point ofหน้าnâaหน้าnâa1face2front; frontage3page4next; upcoming5in front; at the front6season; time of yearขาวkǎaoขาวkǎao1white (color)2fair-skinned; light-complexioned3[to] be white; be fair-skinnedเว่อร์wə̂əเว่อร์wə̂ə1exaggerated; over the top2over the top!; so extra!ไปหน่อยbpai-nɔ̀iไปหน่อยbpai-nɔ̀i1a little (farther/over); slightly2a bit (too); somewhat excessive
Today you put on so many filters that your face looks overly white.
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This review packed in so many sound effects that they drown out the important content.
ช่างแต่งหน้าchâng-dtɛ̀ng-nâaอัดàtรองพื้นrɔɔng-pʉ́ʉnหลายlǎaiชั้นchánเพื่อให้pʉ̂ʉa-hâiผิวpǐuดูเป๊ะduu-bpéบนbonเวทีwee-tii
The makeup artist layered on lots of foundation so the skin looks flawless on stage.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classMid class
- Tone markNo tone mark
- Syllable endingDead syllableEnds in -ด, a stop, so it is dead.
Mid class consonants
กจฎฏดตบปอ
Result
Low tone
àt
Starts low and stays low, easing slightly down.
Mid class + No tone mark + Dead syllable → Low
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |