เคี่ยว
kîiaoMeanings
1VerbB1
[to] simmer; reduce
To cook slowly over low heat to thicken or concentrate, or to reduce liquid by boiling.
Examples
แม่mɛ̂ɛแม่mɛ̂ɛ1mother; mom2form of address for a woman (traditional/familiar)3prefix: female; main; baseเคี่ยวแกงkîiao-gɛɛngเคี่ยวแกงkîiao-gɛɛng[to] simmer a curryให้hâiให้hâi1[to] give; provide2[to] allow; let; permit3to; for [sb] (recipient)4[to] have [sb] do; cause to5for (benefit of)6so that; in order to7until; to the point that (result)งวดngûuatงวดngûuat1installment; installment period2round; draw (e.g., lottery issue)จนjonจนjon1poor2until; up to3so ... that; to the point ofหอมhɔ̌ɔmหอมhɔ̌ɔm1fragrant; pleasantly scented2[to] smell nice; be fragrant3[to] give [sb] a sniffing kiss4onion; shallot; spring onion
Mom simmered the curry until it thickened and became fragrant.
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เขาkǎoเคี่ยวkîiaoซอสsɔ́ɔtไฟอ่อนfai-ɔ̀ɔnประมาณbprà-maanยี่สิบyîi-sìpนาทีnaa-tiiจนjonข้นkônพอดีpɔɔ-dii
He simmered the sauce on low heat for about twenty minutes until it was just thick.
ต้องdtôngเคี่ยวโจ๊กkîiao jóhkไปเรื่อยbpai rêuuaiๆ-แล้วláeoเติมdtermน้ำnáamทีละน้อยtee-lá nóiเพื่อให้pêuua hâiเนื้อnéuuaเนียนniian
You need to keep simmering the congee and add water little by little to make it smooth.
พอpɔɔเคี่ยวkîiaoซุปsúpนานขึ้นnaan-kʉ̂nน้ำnáamจะjàงวดngûuatและlɛ́รสชาติrót-châatจะjàเข้มข้นกลมกล่อมkêm-kôn-glom-glɔ̀ɔmมากขึ้นmâak-kʉ̂n
As the soup is simmered longer, the liquid reduces and the flavor becomes richer and more balanced.
2VerbB2
[to] concentrate; process by prolonged heating
To boil or heat a substance for a prolonged period to concentrate it or obtain the desired consistency.
Examples
ชาวบ้านchaao-bâanชาวบ้านchaao-bâan1villagers; locals; rural residents2ordinary people; laypeople; the public3folksy; colloquial; plain (as a modifier)เคี่ยวkîiaoเคี่ยวkîiao1[to] simmer; reduce2[to] concentrate; process by prolonged heating3stingy; tight-fisted4[to] drill; train strictly; push hard5[to] nag; harp on; keep pressingเกลือglʉʉaเกลือglʉʉa1salt (table salt)2salt (chemical class)จากjàakจากjàak1from; away from2[to] leave; depart; part from3nipa palmน้ำทะเลnáam-tá-leeน้ำทะเลnáam-tá-leeseawater; water from the seaจนได้jon-dâaiจนได้jon-dâai1ended up (resultative, often undesired)2eventually; in the end; after allผลึกpà-lʉ̀kผลึกpà-lʉ̀k1crystal; crystalline solid2crystalline; in crystal formขาวkǎaoขาวkǎao1white (color)2fair-skinned; light-complexioned3[to] be white; be fair-skinnedสะอาดsà-àatสะอาดsà-àat1clean2pure; innocent (morally clean)
Villagers process salt from seawater by boiling it until clean white crystals form.
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โรงงานroong-ngaanเคี่ยวยางkîiao-yaangดิบdìpให้ได้hâi-dâaiความหนืดkwaam-nʉ̀ʉtตามdtaamมาตรฐานmâat-dtrà-tǎanก่อนgɔ̀ɔnขึ้นรูปkʉ̂n-rûup
The factory processes raw rubber by prolonged heating to reach the standard viscosity before molding.
เขาkǎoเคี่ยวkîiaoน้ำตาลโตนดnám-dtaan-dtà-nòotนานnaanหลายlǎaiชั่วโมงchûua-moongเพื่อให้pʉ̂ʉa-hâiเนื้อnʉ́ʉaข้นkônและlɛ́บริสุทธิ์bɔɔ-rí-sùtขึ้นkʉ̂n
He processes palm sugar by boiling for many hours to make it thicker and purer.
ช่างฝีมือchâang fĕe meuuเคี่ยวแลคเกอร์kîiao láek-gêrอย่างต่อเนื่องyàang dtò nêuuangจนได้jon dâiสารsăanที่têeเนียนniianสม่ำเสมอsà-màm-sà-mĕrพร้อมใช้próm cháiเคลือบklêuuap
The craftsman continuously heats the lacquer until it becomes a smooth, uniform substance ready for coating.
3AdjectiveB2
stingy; tight-fisted
Very unwilling to spend or share; miserly (colloquial).
Examples
เขาkǎoเขาkǎo1he; him2she; her3they; them (context-dependent)4horn5mountain; hillเคี่ยวkîiaoเคี่ยวkîiao1[to] simmer; reduce2[to] concentrate; process by prolonged heating3stingy; tight-fisted4[to] drill; train strictly; push hard5[to] nag; harp on; keep pressingมากmâakมากmâak1very; extremely2much; a lot; greatly3many; numerousเลี้ยงlíiangเลี้ยงlíiang1[to] raise; bring up2[to] keep (as a pet); rear3[to] feed4[to] support; maintain5[to] host; treatเพื่อนpʉ̂ʉanเพื่อนpʉ̂ʉan1friend2classmate; colleague (peer)3companion; fellowไม่เคยmâi-kəəiไม่เคยmâi-kəəinever; have neverออกɔ̀ɔkออกɔ̀ɔk1[to] go out; exit; leave2out; outward3[in sports] out of bounds4[to] come out; appear; be issued5[to] produce; emit; put out6[to] pay; spend; disburse7[to] quit; resign8[to] issue; publish9successfully; out (indicating comprehension or discovery)ตังค์dtangตังค์dtang1money; cash (informal, colloquial)2satang (colloq.)เลยləəiเลยləəi1at all; whatsoever (often in negatives)2so; thus; then (immediate result)3completely; absolutely (emphasis)4[to] pass; go beyond; exceed
He’s very stingy; he never pays when treating friends.
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เจ้านายjâo-naaiคนนี้kon-níiเคี่ยวkîiaoจนjonไม่mâiยอมyɔɔmซื้อsʉ́ʉอุปกรณ์ù-bpà-gɔɔnใหม่màiให้hâiทีมtiim
This boss is so miserly that he refuses to buy new equipment for the team.
เธอtəəขึ้นชื่อkʉ̂n-chʉ̂ʉว่าwâaเคี่ยวkîiaoถึงขั้นtʉ̌ng-kânแบ่งbɛ̀ngขนมkà-nǒmก็gɔ̂ยังyangคิดเงินkít-ngənเพื่อนpʉ̂ʉan
She’s known to be stingy, to the point that she even charges friends for sharing snacks.
พอporพูดpôotเรื่องrêuuangบริจาคbò-rí-jàakเขาkăoก็gâwทำหน้าtam nâaเฉยๆchŏei chŏeiเพราะpráwนิสัยní-săiเคี่ยวkîiaoติดตัวdtìt dtuuaมากmâak
When donations are mentioned, he remains indifferent because he’s inherently miserly.
4VerbB2
[to] drill; train strictly; push hard
To subject someone to strict training or sustained pressure to improve their performance or discipline.
Examples
โค้ชkóotโค้ชkóot1coach; trainer2[to] coach; [to] trainเคี่ยวkîiaoเคี่ยวkîiao1[to] simmer; reduce2[to] concentrate; process by prolonged heating3stingy; tight-fisted4[to] drill; train strictly; push hard5[to] nag; harp on; keep pressingทีมtiimทีมtiimteam; groupอย่างหนักyàang-nàkอย่างหนักyàang-nàkheavily; severely; seriously; intenselyจนjonจนjon1poor2until; up to3so ... that; to the point ofทุกคนtúk-konทุกคนtúk-koneveryone; everybodyมีmiiมีmii1[to] have; possess2there is/are; exist3[to] experience; undergoวินัยwí-naiวินัยwí-nai1discipline; self-discipline2disciplinary rules; code of conduct3monastic discipline (Buddhism)มากขึ้นmâak-kʉ̂nมากขึ้นmâak-kʉ̂n1more; increasingly2greater; more (than before)
The coach trained the team harshly until everyone became more disciplined.
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The PE teacher drilled the kids every morning to build endurance.
การgaanถูกtùukผู้จัดpûu-jàtการเคี่ยวgaan-kîiaoด้วยdûuaiกฎระเบียบgòt-rá-bìiapเข้มงวดkêm-ngûuatทำให้tam-hâiเขาkǎoแข็งแกร่งkɛ̌ng-grɛ̀ngและlɛ́รับผิดชอบráp-pìt-chɔ̂ɔpงานngaanได้dâaiดีกว่าเดิมdii-gwàa-dəəm
Being strictly trained by the manager made him tougher and more responsible in his work.
หน่วยnùuaiฝึกfʉ̀kได้dâaiเคี่ยวkîiaoทหารใหม่tá-hǎan-màiด้วยdûuaiระเบียบเหล็กrá-bìiap-lèkและlɛ́ภารกิจpaa-rá-gìtโหดhòotเพื่อpʉ̂ʉaหล่อหลอมlɔ̀ɔ-lɔ̌ɔmให้hâiพร้อมprɔ́ɔmรับrápสถานการณ์sà-tǎa-ná-gaanจริงjing
The training unit hardened the new soldiers with iron discipline and tough missions to forge them for real situations.
5VerbB2
[to] nag; harp on; keep pressing
To keep criticizing, urging, or pressuring someone repeatedly about something (colloquial).
Examples
แม่mɛ̂ɛแม่mɛ̂ɛ1mother; mom2form of address for a woman (traditional/familiar)3prefix: female; main; baseเคี่ยวkîiaoเคี่ยวkîiao1[to] simmer; reduce2[to] concentrate; process by prolonged heating3stingy; tight-fisted4[to] drill; train strictly; push hard5[to] nag; harp on; keep pressingให้hâiให้hâi1[to] give; provide2[to] allow; let; permit3to; for [sb] (recipient)4[to] have [sb] do; cause to5for (benefit of)6so that; in order to7until; to the point that (result)ผมpǒmผมpǒm1I; me (male speaker, polite)2hair (on the head)อ่านหนังสือàan-nǎng-sʉ̌ʉอ่านหนังสือàan-nǎng-sʉ̌ʉ[to] read; [to] studyทุกวันtúk-wanทุกวันtúk-wan1every day; daily2daily; occurring every dayจนjonจนjon1poor2until; up to3so ... that; to the point ofเบื่อbʉ̀ʉaเบื่อbʉ̀ʉa1bored; fed up2[to] be bored with; be tired of3sick; nauseated (from food poisoning)4[to] poison [sb/sth]เลยləəiเลยləəi1at all; whatsoever (often in negatives)2so; thus; then (immediate result)3completely; absolutely (emphasis)4[to] pass; go beyond; exceed
Mom keeps nagging me to read every day until I'm sick of it.
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หัวหน้าhǔua-nâaเคี่ยวkîiaoเรื่องrʉ̂ʉangกำหนดส่งงานgam-nòt-sòng-ngaanไม่หยุดmâi-yùtจนjonทุกคนtúk-konเครียดkrîiat
The boss keeps pressing about the deadline nonstop, making everyone stressed.
เขาkǎoโดนdoonแฟนfɛɛnเคี่ยวkîiaoให้hâiเลิกlə̂əkสูบบุหรี่sùup-bù-rìiมานานmaa-naanจนjonต้องdtɔ̂ngยอมyɔɔmทำตามtam-dtaam
He was repeatedly pressured by his girlfriend to quit smoking for so long that he finally complied.
อาจารย์aa-jaanเคี่ยวkîiaoเราraoเรื่องrʉ̂ʉangการซ้อมgaan-sɔ́ɔmนำเสนอnam-sà-nə̌əบ่อยbɔ̀iมากmâakเพื่อไม่ให้pʉ̂ʉa-mâi-hâiพลาดplâatแม้mɛ́ɛรายละเอียดเล็กน้อยraai-lá-ìiat-lék-nɔ́ɔi
The lecturer keeps urging us to rehearse presentations very often so we won't miss even small details.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classLow class
- Tone markMai ek
- Syllable endingLive syllableNot needed here: the tone mark decides.
Low class consonants
คฅฆงชซฌญฑฒณทธนพฟภมยรลวฬฮ
Result
Falling tone
kîiao
Starts high, rises a little, then drops clearly.
Low class + Mai ek → Falling
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |