เหมารวม
mǎo-ruuamMeanings
1VerbB2
[to] generalize; lump together; stereotype
to treat different people or things as all the same, ignoring differences; to make a broad, often unfair, generalization
Examples
คุณkunคุณkun1you (polite)2Mr.; Ms.; Mrs. (title)3quality; virtue; meritไม่ควรmâi-kuuanไม่ควรmâi-kuuan1should not; ought not2inappropriate; improperเหมารวมmǎo-ruuamเหมารวมmǎo-ruuam1[to] generalize; lump together; stereotype2[to] charge/count as a lump sum; bundle3all‑inclusive; lump‑sum; bundled4collectively; as a wholeว่าwâaว่าwâa1[to] say; tell2that (clause marker)3[to] think; consider; deem4[to] scold; reproach; criticizeวัยรุ่นwai-rûnวัยรุ่นwai-rûn1teenager; youth (person/people)2teenage; for teens; youthful3adolescence; the teenage yearsทุกคนtúk-konทุกคนtúk-koneveryone; everybodyไม่mâiไม่mâi1not (negator)2no (reply)รับผิดชอบráp-pìt-chɔ̂ɔpรับผิดชอบráp-pìt-chɔ̂ɔp1[to] be responsible for2[to] take responsibility (for)3[to] be in charge of
You shouldn't generalize that all teenagers are irresponsible.
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แค่kɛ̂ɛเพราะprɔ́นักท่องเที่ยวnák-tɔ̂ɔng-tîiaoคนหนึ่งkon-nʉ̀ngทำตัวtam-dtuuaไม่ดีmâi-diiก็gɔ̂อย่าyàaเหมารวมmǎo-ruuamว่าwâaคนkonจากjàakประเทศbprà-têetนั้นnánเป็นbpenแบบนี้bɛ̀ɛp-níiทุกคนtúk-kon
Just because one tourist behaved badly, don't lump all tourists from that country together as being like that.
การgaanเหมารวมmǎo-ruuamว่าwâaคนkonจากjàakพื้นเพpʉ́ʉn-peeใดdaiย่อมyɔ̂mมีmiiลักษณะนิสัยlák-sà-nà-ní-sǎiแบบเดียวกันbɛ̀ɛp-diiao-ganเป็นbpenการสร้างgaan-sâangอคติà-ká-dtìทางสังคมtaang-sǎng-kom
To generalize that people from a certain background must have the same characteristics creates social prejudice.
สื่อsʉ̀ʉมักจะmák-jàนำเสนอภาพลักษณ์nam-sà-nə̌ə-pâap-lákด้านdâanเดียวdiiaoซึ่งsʉ̂ngอาจàatทำให้tam-hâiคนดูkon-duuเหมารวมmǎo-ruuamและlɛ́เกิดgə̀ətความเข้าใจผิดkwaam-kâo-jai-pìtเกี่ยวกับgìiao-gàpกลุ่มglùmคนkonบางbaangกลุ่มglùmได้dâai
The media often presents a one-sided image, which can lead viewers to generalize and develop misconceptions about certain groups of people.
2VerbB2
[to] charge/count as a lump sum; bundle
to combine items, services, or costs into a single all‑inclusive total or package price
Examples
บริษัททัวร์bɔɔ-rí-sàt-tuuaบริษัททัวร์bɔɔ-rí-sàt-tuuatour company; tour operator; travel agencyเหมารวมmǎo-ruuamเหมารวมmǎo-ruuam1[to] generalize; lump together; stereotype2[to] charge/count as a lump sum; bundle3all‑inclusive; lump‑sum; bundled4collectively; as a wholeค่าตั๋วเครื่องบินkâa-dtǔua-krʉ̂ʉang-binค่าตั๋วเครื่องบินkâa-dtǔua-krʉ̂ʉang-binairfare; airplane ticket priceกับgàpกับgàp1with; together with2and (informal)3side dish; accompaniment4against; versus5to; toward (recipient/target)ค่าที่พักkâa-tîi-pákค่าที่พักkâa-tîi-pákaccommodation fee; lodging cost; room rateไว้wáiไว้wái1[to] keep; save; store2[to] set aside; reserve3for later; in reserve4[to] leave (something) as is5marks retention or maintenance of a state6[to] wear; sport (hair/moustache/etc.)ในnaiในnai1in; inside; within2during; in (time)3of; belonging to (formal)แพ็คเกจpɛ́k-gètแพ็คเกจpɛ́k-gèt1package; bundle (set of items/services); deal2software packageเดียวdiiaoเดียวdiiaosingle; one; only; same
The tour company bundles the cost of the plane ticket and accommodation into one package.
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ถ้าtâaเราraoจ้างjâangเขาkǎoทำtamทั้งtángสวนsǔuanและlɛ́ทาสีtaa-sǐiบ้านbâanเขาkǎoจะjàคิดkítค่าบริการkâa-bɔɔ-rí-gaanแบบbɛ̀ɛpเหมารวมmǎo-ruuamให้hâiถูกลงtùuk-long
If we hire him to do both the garden and paint the house, he will calculate a lump-sum service fee to make it cheaper.
ผู้รับเหมาpûu-ráp-mǎoเสนอsà-nə̌əที่จะtîi-jàเหมารวมmǎo-ruuamค่าkâaออกแบบɔ̀ɔk-bɛ̀ɛpและlɛ́ค่าkâaก่อสร้างgɔ̀ɔ-sâangเข้าด้วยกันkâo-dûuai-ganเพื่อpʉ̂ʉaลดlótความซับซ้อนkwaam-sáp-sɔ́ɔnของkɔ̌ɔngสัญญาsǎn-yaa
The contractor offered to combine the design and construction costs to reduce the complexity of the contract.
กลยุทธ์gon-lá-yútของkŏngบริษัทbor-rí-sàtคือkeuการgaanเหมารวมmăo ruuamบริการเสริมbor-rí-gaan sĕrmต่างๆdtàang-dtàangเข้ากับkâo gàpผลิตภัณฑ์pà-lìt-dtà-panหลักlàkเพื่อpêuuaสร้างsâangมูลค่าเพิ่มmoon-kâa pêrmและláeดึงดูดdeung dòotลูกค้าlûuk-káa
The company's strategy is to bundle various supplementary services with the main product to create added value and attract customers.
3AdjectiveB2
all‑inclusive; lump‑sum; bundled
describing a price, fee, or arrangement that covers everything together as one combined package
Examples
ทัวร์tuuaทัวร์tuua1tour; sightseeing trip2tour (package/product)3[to] tour; travel aroundนี้níiนี้níi1this (near speaker)2this one3this; the present (time/topic)ราคาraa-kaaราคาraa-kaa1price; cost2[to] cost; [to be] priced at5,000บาทbàatบาทbàat1baht (Thai currency unit)2baht (classifier for Thai currency amounts)3foot (literary)เป็นbpenเป็นbpen1to be (identity/category/state)2to become3[to] know how; be able to (skill)4alive; living5[to] have; suffer from; be in (a condition)ราคาเหมาraa-kaa-mǎoราคาเหมาraa-kaa-mǎopackage price; flat rate; lump-sum priceรวมruuamรวมruuam1[to] include; contain2[to] gather; combine; consolidate3total; sum; aggregate4in total; altogether; overall5combined; total; overallทุกอย่างtúk-yàangทุกอย่างtúk-yàangeverything; all thingsแล้วlɛ́ɛoแล้วlɛ́ɛo1already; now (as of this point)2then; and then; after that3already; completed-action marker4and; and then (linking clauses)
This tour costs 5,000 baht; it's an all-inclusive price for everything.
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เราraoจ่ายjàaiค่าkâaก่อสร้างgɔ̀ɔ-sâangเป็นbpenราคาเหมาraa-kaa-mǎoรวมruuamดังนั้นdang-nánจึงjʉngไม่มีmâi-miiค่าใช้จ่ายkâa-chái-jàaiเพิ่มเติมpə̂əm-dtəəm
We paid a lump-sum price for the construction, so there are no additional costs.
สัญญาsǎn-yaaระบุrá-bùไว้wáiชัดเจนchát-jeenว่าwâaเป็นbpenค่าจ้างkâa-jâangแบบbɛ̀ɛpเหมารวมmǎo-ruuamซึ่งsʉ̂ngครอบคลุมkrɔ̂ɔp-klumค่าkâaวัสดุwát-sà-dùและlɛ́ค่าkâaแรงงานrɛɛng-ngaanทั้งหมดtáng-mòt
The contract clearly states that it is a lump-sum payment, which covers all material and labor costs.
การเลือกใช้gaan-lʉ̂ʉak-cháiบริการbɔɔ-rí-gaanแบบbɛ̀ɛpราคาเหมาraa-kaa-mǎoรวมruuamอาจจะàat-jàคุ้มค่าkúm-kâaกว่าgwàaการจ่ายgaan-jàaiแยกyɛ̂ɛkทีละtii-láรายการraai-gaanสำหรับsǎm-ràpโครงการขนาดใหญ่kroong-gaan-kà-nàat-yài
Choosing a service with a package price might be more cost-effective than paying for each item separately for a large project.
4AdverbB2
collectively; as a whole
in a way that groups everything together without distinguishing parts; in general
Examples
จะjàจะjà1will; shall (future/intention marker)2about to; going to (near future, often w/ กำลังจะ)3will; would (in conditional results)พูดpûutพูดpûut1[to] speak; talk2[to] say; speak3[to] tell; talk aboutเหมารวมmǎo-ruuamเหมารวมmǎo-ruuam1[to] generalize; lump together; stereotype2[to] charge/count as a lump sum; bundle3all‑inclusive; lump‑sum; bundled4collectively; as a wholeว่าwâaว่าwâa1[to] say; tell2that (clause marker)3[to] think; consider; deem4[to] scold; reproach; criticizeอาหารไทยaa-hǎan-taiอาหารไทยaa-hǎan-tai1Thai cuisine2Thai food; Thai dishesทุกtúkทุกtúk1every; each2every (interval/frequency)อย่างเผ็ดyàang-pètอย่างเผ็ดyàang-pètspicilyก็gɔ̂ก็gɔ̂1also; too2then; so (sequence/result)3conditional marker (if… then…)4well; after all (emphasis/justification)5topic/resumption markerไม่mâiไม่mâi1not (negator)2no (reply)ถูกtùukถูกtùuk1cheap; inexpensive2correct; right3[to] touch; come into contact with [sb/sth]4to be correct/right5proper; morally right6[to] be affected; suffer (often adverse)7passive marker (often adverse)เพราะprɔ́เพราะprɔ́1because2because of; due to3melodious; pleasant-soundingมีmiiมีmii1[to] have; possess2there is/are; exist3[to] experience; undergoแกงจืดgɛɛng-jʉ̀ʉtแกงจืดgɛɛng-jʉ̀ʉtclear, mild Thai soupที่tîiที่tîi1place; spot; seat; space2at; in; to (a place)3classifier: places; seats; individual servings4that/which/who (relative marker)5when; the time that (time marker)6ordinal markerไม่เผ็ดmâi-pètไม่เผ็ดmâi-pètnot spicyเลยləəiเลยləəi1at all; whatsoever (often in negatives)2so; thus; then (immediate result)3completely; absolutely (emphasis)4[to] pass; go beyond; exceedก็gɔ̂ก็gɔ̂1also; too2then; so (sequence/result)3conditional marker (if… then…)4well; after all (emphasis/justification)5topic/resumption markerเยอะyə́เยอะyə́1many; much; a lot (of)2a lot; much (colloq.)3excessive; too much
It's not right to say in general that all Thai food is spicy, because there are many non-spicy clear soups.
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เราraoไม่ควรmâi-kuuanพูดpûutเหมารวมmǎo-ruuamว่าwâaทริปtrípราคาประหยัดraa-kaa-bprà-yàtจะต้องjà-dtɔ̂ngมีmiiคุณภาพแย่kun-ná-pâap-yɛ̂ɛเสมอไปsà-mə̌ə-bpai
We shouldn't generalize that budget trips must always be of poor quality.
การสรุปgaan sà-rùpผลการดำเนินงานpŏn gaan dam-nern ngaanแบบbàepเหมารวมmăo ruuamอาจàatทำtamให้hâiเราraoมองข้ามmong kâamปัญหาbpan-hăaที่têeเกิดขึ้นgèrt kêunในnaiแผนกpà-nàekย่อยๆyôi yôiไปbpaiได้dâi
Summarizing the operational performance in general might cause us to overlook problems occurring in smaller departments.
งานวิจัยngaan-wí-jaiชิ้นนี้chín-níiถูกtùukวิจารณ์wí-jaanว่าwâaนำเสนอnam-sà-nə̌əข้อมูลkɔ̂ɔ-muunแบบbɛ̀ɛpเหมารวมmǎo-ruuamเกินไปgəən-bpaiโดยdooiไม่ได้mâi-dâaiจำแนกjam-nɛ̂ɛkความแตกต่างkwaam-dtɛ̀ɛk-dtàangระหว่างrá-wàangกลุ่มตัวอย่างglùm-dtuua-yàangในเมืองnai-mʉʉangและlɛ́ชนบทchon-ná-bòt
This research paper was criticized for presenting the data too generally, without distinguishing the differences between urban and rural sample groups.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
2 syllables · pick one to see its rule
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classHigh classLeading หA silent ห before ม puts this syllable in high class.
- Tone markNo tone mark
- Syllable endingLive syllableThe vowel เ-า hides a final -ว, so it is live.
High class consonants
ขฃฉฐถผฝศษสห
Result
Rising tone
mǎo
Dips low first, then rises clearly.
High class + No tone mark + Live syllable → Rising
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |
Word Breakdown
เหมาmǎoเหมาmǎo1[to] hire on a lump-sum basis2[to] buy up entirely3flat-rate; lump-sum[to] hire on a lump-sum basisPart 1
+
รวมruuamรวมruuam1[to] include; contain2[to] gather; combine; consolidate3total; sum; aggregate4in total; altogether; overall5combined; total; overall[to] include; containPart 2
เหมารวมmǎo-ruuamเหมารวมmǎo-ruuam[to] generalize; lump together; stereotype[to] generalize; lump together; stereotypeWord