อปร
à-bpɔɔ-ráMeanings
1AdjectiveC2
other; another
other; another (typically used in formal, literary, or religious texts of Pali/Sanskrit origin)
Examples
คำว่าkam-wâaคำว่าkam-wâathe word/term (introductory marker)อปรà-bpɔɔ-ráอปรà-bpɔɔ-rá1other; another2later; subsequent3inferior; lowerในnaiในnai1in; inside; within2during; in (time)3of; belonging to (formal)ภาษาบาลีpaa-sǎa-baa-liiภาษาบาลีpaa-sǎa-baa-liiPali languageแปลว่าbplɛɛ-wâaแปลว่าbplɛɛ-wâa1[to] mean (of a word/symbol); signify2[to] translate as3that means; which means; in other wordsสิ่งอื่นsìng-ʉ̀ʉnสิ่งอื่นsìng-ʉ̀ʉnother thing(s); something elseซึ่งsʉ̂ngซึ่งsʉ̂ng1which; that (relative pronoun)2which/and this; introducing explanationมักmákมักmák1often; usually2[to] tend to; usually [do sth]3fond of; inclined toพบpópพบpóp1[to] meet [sb]2[to] find; discover3[to] encounter; experienceในnaiในnai1in; inside; within2during; in (time)3of; belonging to (formal)คัมภีร์kam-piiคัมภีร์kam-pii1scripture; sacred text2treatise; authoritative classicทางศาสนาtaang-sàat-sà-nǎaทางศาสนาtaang-sàat-sà-nǎa1religious; of religion2in religious terms
The word "apara" in Pali translates to another thing, which is often found in religious scriptures.
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ในทางnai-taangพุทธศาสนาpút-tá-sàat-sà-nǎaคำว่าkam-wâaอปรà-bpɔɔ-ráโลกlôokหมายถึงmǎai-tʉ̌ngโลกlôokอื่นʉ̀ʉnซึ่งsʉ̂ngก็คือgɔ̂-kʉʉโลกหน้าlôok-nâaหรือrʉ̌ʉภพชาติpóp-châatต่อไปdtɔ̀ɔ-bpai
In Buddhism, the word "Apara-loka" means the other world, which is the next world or the next life.
ตำราdtam-raaไวยากรณ์บาลีwai-yaa-gɔɔn-baa-liiอธิบายà-tí-baaiว่าwâaอปรà-bpɔɔ-ráเป็นbpenคำkamสรรพนามsàp-pá-naamที่tîiใช้cháiกล่าวถึงglàao-tʉ̌ngบุคคลbùk-konหรือrʉ̌ʉสิ่งของsìng-kɔ̌ɔngอื่นʉ̀ʉn
Pali grammar textbooks explain that "apara" is a pronoun used to refer to another person or thing.
นักnákนิรุกติศาสตร์ní-rúk-dtì-sàatชี้ให้เห็นchíi-hâi-hěnว่าการwâa-gaanใช้cháiอปรà-bpɔɔ-ráในnaiบริบทbɔɔ-rí-bòtนี้níiเป็นbpenการอ้างอิงgaan-âang-ingถึงtʉ̌ngบุคคลอื่นbùk-kon-ʉ̀ʉnที่tîiไม่ได้mâi-dâaiถูกtùukระบุชื่อrá-bù-chʉ̂ʉไว้wáiในnaiประโยคbprà-yòokก่อนหน้าgɔ̀ɔn-nâa
Philologists point out that the use of "Apara" in this context is a reference to another person who was not named in the preceding sentence.
2AdjectiveC2
later; subsequent
later; subsequent; following
Examples
กรรมดีgam deeกรรมดีgam deegood deed; good karmaที่têeที่têe1place; spot; seat; space2at; in; to (a place)3classifier: places; seats; individual servings4that/which/who (relative marker)5when; the time that (time marker)6ordinal markerเราraoเราrao1we; us2I; me (informal/regional)หมั่นmànหมั่นmànregularly; diligentlyทำtamทำtam1[to] do; make2[to] act; behave3[to] cook; prepare food4[to] do; carry out (work)5[to] cause; makeในnaiในnai1in; inside; within2during; in (time)3of; belonging to (formal)วันนี้wan néeวันนี้wan née1today (time of speech)2today; this day3nowadays; at presentจะjàจะjà1will; shall (future/intention marker)2about to; going to (near future, often w/ กำลังจะ)3will; would (in conditional results)ส่งผลให้sòng pŏn hâiส่งผลให้sòng pŏn hâi[to] result in; cause; lead toเราraoเราrao1we; us2I; me (informal/regional)มีความสุขmee kwaam sùkมีความสุขmee kwaam sùk[to] be happyในnaiในnai1in; inside; within2during; in (time)3of; belonging to (formal)อปรà-bpà-ráอปรà-bpà-rá1other; another2later; subsequent3inferior; lowerชาติchâatชาติchâat1nation; country2race; ethnic or national origin3life; lifetime; incarnation4birth; lineage (lit.)
The good karma we diligently make today will result in our happiness in the subsequent life.
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นักประวัติศาสตร์nák bprà-wàt-sàatได้dâiแบ่งbàengยุคสมัยyúk sà-măiของkŏngอาณาจักรaa-naa-jàkนี้néeออกòkเป็นbpenปุbpùพพภาคpâakและláeอปรà-bpà-ráภาคpâakเพื่อpêuuaความสะดวกkwaam sà-dùuakในnaiการศึกษาgaan sùk-săa
Historians have divided the era of this kingdom into the earlier period and the subsequent period for ease of study.
ตามdtaamคติká-dtìความเชื่อดั้งเดิมkwaam chêuua dâng-dermวิญญาณwin-yaanของkŏngมนุษย์má-nútจะjàเดินทางdern taangไปสู่bpai sòoอปรà-bpà-ráภพpópหลังจากlăng jàakสิ้นอายุขัยsîn aa-yú kăiบนbonโลกมนุษย์lôhk má-nút
According to traditional beliefs, the human soul will travel to the subsequent realm after the end of its lifespan on earth.
พระสูตรprá sòotนี้néeได้dâiกล่าวถึงglàao tĕungการบำเพ็ญเพียรgaan bam-pen piianของkŏngพระpráมหาmá-hăaสัตว์sàtในnaiอปรà-bpà-ráวารwaanซึ่งsêungหมายถึงmăai tĕungวาระwaa-ráภายหลังpaai lăngที่têeได้dâiตรัสรู้dtràt rúuแล้วláeo
This sutra mentions the Great Being's cultivation of perfections in the apara-vara, which means the subsequent occasion after attaining enlightenment.
3AdjectiveC2
inferior; lower
inferior; lower in quality, rank, or status
Examples
ในnaiในnai1in; inside; within2during; in (time)3of; belonging to (formal)คัมภีร์kam-piiคัมภีร์kam-pii1scripture; sacred text2treatise; authoritative classicทางศาสนาtaang-sàat-sà-nǎaทางศาสนาtaang-sàat-sà-nǎa1religious; of religion2in religious termsบางbaangบางbaang1some; certain2thin; slight3thin; sparseเล่มlêmเล่มlêm1CL: books/volumes/issues2volume; bound book3classifier: knives, swords, candles, cartsมีmiiมีmii1[to] have; possess2there is/are; exist3[to] experience; undergoการกล่าวถึงgaan-glàao-tʉ̌ngการกล่าวถึงgaan-glàao-tʉ̌ngmention; referenceจิตjìtจิตjìt1mind; psyche2mind; consciousness; spirit (Buddhist/psychological)3mind; mental- (bound form)ที่tîiที่tîi1place; spot; seat; space2at; in; to (a place)3classifier: places; seats; individual servings4that/which/who (relative marker)5when; the time that (time marker)6ordinal markerยังyangยังyang1still; continuing2not yet (with ไม่)3yet? (question use)4still/even (emphatic degree)5to; towardไม่mâiไม่mâi1not (negator)2no (reply)พัฒนาpát-tá-naaพัฒนาpát-tá-naa1[to] develop; improve2development (process)ว่าwâaว่าwâa1[to] say; tell2that (clause marker)3[to] think; consider; deem4[to] scold; reproach; criticizeเป็นbpenเป็นbpen1to be (identity/category/state)2to become3[to] know how; be able to (skill)4alive; living5[to] have; suffer from; be in (a condition)จิตjìtจิตjìt1mind; psyche2mind; consciousness; spirit (Buddhist/psychological)3mind; mental- (bound form)ระดับrá-dàpระดับrá-dàp1level; degree2standard; tier; rank3classifier for levels or grades4level (tool); spirit levelอปรà-bpɔɔ-ráอปรà-bpɔɔ-rá1other; another2later; subsequent3inferior; lowerซึ่งsʉ̂ngซึ่งsʉ̂ng1which; that (relative pronoun)2which/and this; introducing explanationยังyangยังyang1still; continuing2not yet (with ไม่)3yet? (question use)4still/even (emphatic degree)5to; towardต้องdtɔ̂ngต้องdtɔ̂ng1must; have to2must; bound toได้รับdâi-rápได้รับdâi-ráp1[to] receive; get; obtain; be given/granted/awarded2[to] experience; be subjected to; suffer; sustain; be affected by3[to] be ...-ed (passive with ได้รับ/ได้รับการ)การฝึกฝนgaan-fʉ̀k-fǒnการฝึกฝนgaan-fʉ̀k-fǒn1practice (skill improvement)2training; drillอีกìikอีกìik1more; additional2again3else; other4yet; still (in comparisons/time)มากmâakมากmâak1very; extremely2much; a lot; greatly3many; numerous
In some religious scriptures, an undeveloped mind is referred to as an inferior mind, which still requires much training.
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ในnaiสังคมsăng-komยุคโบราณyúk boh-raanชนชั้นแรงงานchon-chán raeng-ngaanมักจะmák jàถูกtòokมองว่าmong wâaเป็นbpenชนชั้นchon chánอปรà-bpà-ráที่têeไม่mâiมีสิทธิmee sìtทางการเมืองtaang gaan meuuangเทียบเท่าtîiap tâoชนชั้นปกครองchon chán bpòk-krong
In ancient societies, the working class was often viewed as an inferior class that did not have equal political rights to the ruling class.
วรรณคดีwan-ná-ká-deeสันสกฤตsăn-sà-grìtมักmákมีmeeการแบ่งแยกgaan bàeng yâekตัวละครdtuua lá-konออกòkเป็นbpenฝ่ายfàaiอุùตtตมdtomและláeฝ่ายfàaiอปรà-bpà-ráเพื่อpêuuaแสดงให้เห็นถึงsà-daeng hâi hĕn tĕungความแตกต่างkwaam dtàek dtàangทางtaangคุณธรรมkun-ná-tamอย่างชัดเจนyàang chát jayn
Sanskrit literature often divides characters into the supreme side and the inferior side to clearly demonstrate the difference in morality.
นักมานุษยวิทยาnák-maa-nút-sà-yá-wít-tá-yaaโต้แย้งdtôo-yɛ́ɛngอย่างหนักyàang-nàkแน่นnɛ̂nว่าwâaไม่ควรmâi-kuuanมีmiiวัฒนธรรมwát-tá-ná-tamใดdaiถูกตัดสินtùuk-dtàt-sǐnว่าwâaเป็นbpenอปรà-bpɔɔ-ráเพียงpiiangเพราะprɔ́มีmiiบรรทัดฐานban-tát-tǎanที่tîiแตกต่างกันdtɛ̀ɛk-dtàang-gan
Anthropologists strongly argue that no culture should be judged as inferior simply because of having different norms.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
Why is อปร said อะ-ปอ-ระ?
à-bpɔɔ-rá
The tone rules below use the spoken syllables.
3 syllables · pick one to see its rule
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classMid class
- Tone markNo tone mark
- Syllable endingDead syllableA short vowel with no final consonant, so it is dead.
Mid class consonants
กจฎฏดตบปอ
Result
Low tone
à
Starts low and stays low, easing slightly down.
Mid class + No tone mark + Dead syllable → Low
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |