ข้าม
kâamMeanings
1VerbA2
[to] cross; go over
to move from one side to the other over or across something (e.g., a road, river, boundary)
Examples
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This morning we took a boat to cross the river to the market.
นักวิ่งnák-wîngต้องdtɔ̂ngข้ามkâamสิ่งกีดขวางsìng-gìit-kwǎangหลายlǎaiจุดjùtตลอดเส้นทางdtà-lɔ̀ɔt-sên-taangแข่งขันkɛ̀ng-kǎn
The runners have to cross multiple obstacles along the race route.
2PrepositionA2
across; over
from one side to the other; spanning a space or boundary
Examples
บ้านbâanบ้านbâan1house; home2home (family unit)3village; hometown4classifier: หลัง5domestic; domesticated; cultivatedฉันchǎnฉันchǎn1I; me2[to] eat (of Buddhist monks and novices)อยู่yùuอยู่yùu1[to] live; reside; stay2to be (located); be at3progressive/continuative marker4to exist; remainข้ามkâamข้ามkâam1[to] cross; go over2across; over3[to] skip; omit4beyond; past (time/limit)5cross-; trans-; inter- (prefixal use)คลองklɔɔngคลองklɔɔng1canal2classifier: canals/ditches3natural waterway; stream; creekไปbpaiไปbpai1[to] go2away; off (directional complement/particle)3on; onward; continuously (aspect marker)4(aspect) completed; already past5too; excessivelyทางวัดtaang-wátทางวัดtaang-wát1temple's road; access road2the temple; the temple authorities
My house is on the other side of the canal toward the temple.
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เมื่อคืนmʉ̂ʉa-kʉʉnฉันchǎnนั่งnângรถเมล์rót-meeจากjàakฝั่งธนfàng-tonไปbpaiฝั่งพระนครfàng-prá-ná-kɔɔnรถrótวิ่งwîngข้ามkâamสะพานsà-paanที่tîiทอดยาวtɔ̂ɔt-yaaoเชื่อมchʉ̂ʉamสองsɔ̌ɔngฝั่งfàng
Last night I took a bus from Thonburi to Phra Nakhon. The bus crossed the long bridge connecting the two sides.
เรือrʉʉaวิ่งwîngข้ามkâamแม่น้ำmɛ̂ɛ-náamจากjàakท่าเหนือtâa-nʉ̌ʉaไปbpaiท่าtâaใต้dtâaiทุกtúkครึ่งkrʉ̂ngชั่วโมงchûua-moong
Boats run across the river from the north pier to the south pier every half hour.
3VerbB1
[to] skip; omit
to leave something out; not include or not do a step or item in a sequence
Examples
ถ้าtâaถ้าtâaif; in caseรีบrîipรีบrîip1[to] hurry; rush2in a hurry; pressed for time3hastily; quickly (due to urgency)เราraoเราrao1we; us2I; me (informal/regional)ข้ามkâamข้ามkâam1[to] cross; go over2across; over3[to] skip; omit4beyond; past (time/limit)5cross-; trans-; inter- (prefixal use)ขั้นตอนkân-dtɔɔnขั้นตอนkân-dtɔɔn1step; stage (in a process)2procedure; process stepsตรวจทานdtrùuat-taanตรวจทานdtrùuat-taan[to] proofread; double-checkได้ไหมdâai-mǎiได้ไหมdâai-mǎi1is it possible/allowed?; OK?2could you ... ? (request softener)
If we're in a hurry, can we skip the review step?
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Don't skip item three because it's an important part of the form.
เชฟchéepบอกว่าbɔ̀ɔk-wâaอย่าyàaข้ามkâamขั้นตอนkân-dtɔɔnหมักmàkมิฉะนั้นmí-chà-nánรสชาติrót-châatจะjàไม่mâiซึมsʉm
The chef said not to skip the marinating step; otherwise, the flavor won't penetrate.
ในnaiรายงานraai-ngaanนี้níiโปรดbpròotอย่าyàaข้ามkâamรายละเอียดraai-lá-ìiatเชิงchəəngวิธีวิจัยwí-tii-wí-jaiเพราะprɔ́เป็นbpenพื้นฐานpʉ́ʉn-tǎanของkɔ̌ɔngการตีความgaan-dtii-kwaamผลลัพธ์pǒn-láp
In this report, please do not skip the methodological details, as they are the basis for interpreting the results.
4PrepositionB1
beyond; past (time/limit)
later than a specified time or beyond a set limit or threshold
Examples
ส่งsòngส่งsòng1[to] send; dispatch2[to] submit; hand in; turn in3[to] drop off; deliver (someone/something)4[to] pass (to); feed (a ball)5[to] emit; transmit; send out6[to] escort; see offไฟล์faiไฟล์faifile (digital)ช้ากว่าcháa-gwàaช้ากว่าcháa-gwàaslower; more slowlyกำหนดgam-nòtกำหนดgam-nòt1[to] set; fix; determine2[to] schedule; assign3deadline; due date4specification; stipulationไปbpaiไปbpai1[to] go2away; off (directional complement/particle)3on; onward; continuously (aspect marker)4(aspect) completed; already past5too; excessivelyข้ามkâamข้ามkâam1[to] cross; go over2across; over3[to] skip; omit4beyond; past (time/limit)5cross-; trans-; inter- (prefixal use)เที่ยงคืนtîiang-kʉʉnเที่ยงคืนtîiang-kʉʉn1midnight (12:00 a.m.)2at midnight; around midnightทำให้tam-hâiทำให้tam-hâi1[to] make; cause [sb/sth] to [do/be sth]; render2[to] do/make [sth] for [sb]รายงานraai-ngaanรายงานraai-ngaan1report (document/account)2[to] report; inform officiallyล่าช้าlâa-cháaล่าช้าlâa-cháa1delayed; late2[to] be delayed; be slow
The file was sent later than scheduled, past midnight, causing the report to be delayed.
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คิวkiuจองjɔɔngร้านอาหารráan-aa-hǎanยาวyaaoจนjonข้ามเวลาkâam-wee-laaพักกลางวันpák-glaang-wanของเราkɔ̌ɔng-rao
The restaurant reservation queue was so long that it went beyond our lunch break time.
การประชุมgaan-bprà-chumยืดเยื้อyʉ̂ʉt-yʉ́ʉaข้ามเวลาkâam-wee-laaที่tîiกำหนดgam-nòtทำให้tam-hâiตารางdtaa-raangบ่ายbàaiต้องdtɔ̂ngเลื่อนlʉ̂ʉan
The meeting dragged on beyond the scheduled time, forcing the afternoon agenda to be postponed.
โปรเจ็กต์bproo-jèkนี้níiใช้cháiทรัพยากรsáp-pá-yaa-gɔɔnเกินงบgəən-ngópที่tîiวางไว้waang-wáiจึงjʉngต้องdtɔ̂ngปรับbpràpแผนการดำเนินงานpɛ̌ɛn-gaan-dam-nəən-ngaan
This project used resources beyond the allocated budget, so the implementation plan must be adjusted.
5NounB2
cross-; trans-; inter- (prefixal use)
used before a noun to indicate crossing or spanning areas, groups, or boundaries (e.g., cross-provincial, cross-border, interregional)
Examples
โครงการkroong-gaanโครงการkroong-gaan1project; scheme2plan; proposalขนส่งkǒn-sòngขนส่งkǒn-sòng1transport; transportation2[to] transport; ship; deliverข้ามจังหวัดkâam-jang-wàtข้ามจังหวัดkâam-jang-wàt1[to] travel between provinces2interprovincialจะjàจะjà1will; shall (future/intention marker)2about to; going to (near future, often w/ กำลังจะ)3will; would (in conditional results)เชื่อมต่อchʉ̂ʉam-dtɔ̀ɔเชื่อมต่อchʉ̂ʉam-dtɔ̀ɔ1[to] connect; link2connection; connectivityเมืองmʉʉangเมืองmʉʉang1city; town; urban area2country; state; nation3region; realm (historical)เล็กlékเล็กlék1small; little2young; younger; youngest3minor; slightกับgàpกับgàp1with; together with2and (informal)3side dish; accompaniment4against; versus5to; toward (recipient/target)6classifier: sets/pairs (spoon and fork)ศูนย์กลางsǔun-glaangศูนย์กลางsǔun-glaang1center; hub (literal)2center; hub (figurative)เศรษฐกิจsèet-tà-gìtเศรษฐกิจsèet-tà-gìt1economy2economic conditions; the economy
The inter-provincial transportation project will connect small towns with the economic hub.
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นโยบายná-yoo-baaiข้ามสาขาkâam-sǎa-kǎaวิชาwí-chaaต้องdtɔ̂ngอาศัยaa-sǎiความร่วมมือkwaam-rûuam-mʉʉจากjàakหลายlǎaiคณะká-ná
The cross-disciplinary policy requires cooperation from multiple faculties.
ความร่วมมือkwaam rûuam meuuข้ามพรมแดนkâam prom-daenช่วยchûuaiแก้ปัญหาgâe bpan-hăaมลพิษทางอากาศmon-lá-pít taang aa-gàatที่têeล่องลอยlông loiระหว่างประเทศrá-wàang bprà-tâyt
Cross-border cooperation helps solve air pollution that drifts between countries.
การวิจัยgaan-wí-jaiเชิงchəəngข้ามkâamภูมิภาคpuu-mí-pâakชี้ให้เห็นchíi-hâi-hěnความเหลื่อมล้ำkwaam-lʉ̀ʉam-lámด้านdâanโอกาสoo-gàatอย่างมีนัยสำคัญyàang-mii-nai-sǎm-kan
Interregional research indicates significant disparities in opportunities.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classHigh class
- Tone markMai tho
- Syllable endingLive syllableNot needed here: the tone mark decides.
High class consonants
ขฃฉฐถผฝศษสห
Result
Falling tone
kâam
Starts high, rises a little, then drops clearly.
High class + Mai tho → Falling
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |