รุ่น
rûnMeanings
1NounB1
model; version
a particular design, edition, or version of a product or device
Examples
ฉันchǎnฉันchǎn1I; me2[to] eat (of Buddhist monks and novices)ซื้อsʉ́ʉซื้อsʉ́ʉ1[to] buy; purchase2[to] bribe; buy offโทรศัพท์too-rá-sàpโทรศัพท์too-rá-sàp1telephone; phone2[to] telephone [sb]; [to] callรุ่นใหม่rûn-màiรุ่นใหม่rûn-mài1new; newer-generation2new model; new version3the younger generation; new generationเมื่อmʉ̂ʉaเมื่อmʉ̂ʉa1when; at the time that2at; in; on (with time expressions)สัปดาห์sàp-daaสัปดาห์sàp-daa1week2classifier: weeksที่แล้วtîi-lɛ́ɛoที่แล้วtîi-lɛ́ɛo1last; previous (postposed)2ago (postposed after duration)
I bought a new model phone last week.
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คอมพิวเตอร์kɔm-piu-dtə̂əรุ่นrûnนี้níiประหยัดพลังงานbprà-yàt-pá-lang-ngaanแต่dtɛ̀ɛประสิทธิภาพbprà-sìt-tí-pâapยังyangเร็วreoพอpɔɔสำหรับsǎm-ràpงานngaanทั่วไปtûua-bpai
This computer model is energy-efficient, but its performance is still fast enough for general tasks.
รถยนต์rót-yonรุ่นrûnปีนี้bpii-níiเพิ่มฟังก์ชันpə̂əm-fang-chânความปลอดภัยkwaam-bplɔ̀ɔt-paiหลายอย่างlǎai-yàangเช่นchênระบบrá-bòpช่วยchûuaiเบรกbrèekและlɛ́เตือนdtʉʉanจุดjùtอับàp
This year's car model adds several safety features, such as brake assist and blind-spot alert.
กล้องglɔ̂ngรุ่นท็อปrûn-tɔ́pมีmiiซอฟต์แวร์sɔ́ɔp-wɛɛเวอร์ชันwəə-chânล่าสุดlâa-sùtที่รองรับtîi-rɔɔng-rápการถ่ายgaan-tàaiวิดีโอwí-dii-ooแบบbɛ̀ɛp4Kพร้อมกันprɔ́ɔm-ganสั่นsàn
The top-tier camera model has the latest software version that supports 4K video with stabilization.
2NounB1
generation; age cohort
a group of people born or active around the same time; a generation
Examples
คนรุ่นใหม่kon-rûn-màiคนรุ่นใหม่kon-rûn-màithe younger generation; modern-minded youthสนใจsǒn-jaiสนใจsǒn-jai1[to] be interested (in) [sth/sb]2[to] pay attention to; be attentive toเรื่องrʉ̂ʉangเรื่องrʉ̂ʉang1matter; issue; subject2story; tale3classifier for stories/films/cases4about; regarding (as a topic marker)สิ่งแวดล้อมsìng-wɛ̂ɛt-lɔ́ɔmสิ่งแวดล้อมsìng-wɛ̂ɛt-lɔ́ɔm1environment; the environment (natural)2surroundings; environment (general)มากขึ้นmâak-kʉ̂nมากขึ้นmâak-kʉ̂n1more; increasingly2greater; more (than before)
The younger generation is more interested in environmental issues.
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พ่อแม่pɔ̂ɔ-mɛ̂ɛกับgàpลูกlûukต่างdtàangก็gɔ̂เติบโตdtə̀əp-dtooคนละkon-láยุคyúkทำให้tam-hâiมุมมองmum-mɔɔngระหว่างrá-wàangรุ่นrûnไม่เหมือนกันmâi-mʉ̌ʉan-gan
Parents and children grew up in different eras, so perspectives between generations differ.
ความทรงจำkwaam-song-jamในnaiวัยเด็กwai-dèkของkɔ̌ɔngแต่ละรุ่นdtɛ̀ɛ-lá-rûnสะท้อนsà-tɔ́ɔnสังคมsǎng-komในช่วงnai-chûuangเวลานั้นwee-laa-nán
Each generation's childhood memories reflect the society of that time.
ช่องว่างchɔ̂ng-wâangระหว่างrá-wàangรุ่นrûnมักmákเกิดจากgə̀ət-jàakประสบการณ์bprà-sòp-gaanทางสังคมtaang-sǎng-komและlɛ́เทคโนโลยีték-noo-loo-yiiที่tîiไม่เหมือนกันmâi-mʉ̌ʉan-gan
The generation gap often arises from differing social and technological experiences.
3NounB2
class year; intake; batch
a group that studied, trained, or started work in the same period (e.g., school year, military intake, alumni batch)
Examples
ฉันchǎnฉันchǎn1I; me2[to] eat (of Buddhist monks and novices)กับgàpกับgàp1with; together with2and (informal)3side dish; accompaniment4against; versus5to; toward (recipient/target)6classifier: sets/pairs (spoon and fork)เขาkǎoเขาkǎo1he; him2she; her3they; them (context-dependent)4horn5mountain; hillเป็นbpenเป็นbpen1to be (identity/category/state)2to become3[to] know how; be able to (skill)4[to] have; suffer from; be in (a condition)รุ่นrûnรุ่นrûn1model; version2generation; age cohort3class year; intake; batch4seniority level; age groupเดียวกันdiiao-ganเดียวกันdiiao-ganthe same; identicalที่tîiที่tîi1place; spot; seat; space2at; in; to (a place)3classifier: places; seats; individual servings4that/which/who (relative marker)5when; the time that (time marker)6ordinal markerคณะká-náคณะká-ná1group; party; troupe; delegation2faculty (university division)3committee; board (as a body)4classifier: groups/delegations/troupesเดียวกันdiiao-ganเดียวกันdiiao-ganthe same; identicalเลยləəiเลยləəi1at all; whatsoever (often in negatives)2so; thus; then (immediate result)3completely; absolutely (emphasis)4[to] pass; go beyond; exceedรู้จักrúu-jàkรู้จักrúu-jàk1[to] know; be acquainted with2[to] recognize; identify3[to] know how; be capable (from familiarity); be prudent withกันganกันgan1together; together with2each other; one another (post-verb marker)3[to] prevent; keep [sth] out; ward off; block4protective; resistant to; -proof5I; me (informal, male speech)6[to] set aside; reserve; earmarkตั้งแต่dtâng-dtɛ̀ɛตั้งแต่dtâng-dtɛ̀ɛfrom; since (starting point)ปีหนึ่งbpii-nʉ̀ngปีหนึ่งbpii-nʉ̀ng1one year (duration)2first year (of study/program); first-year student
He and I are in the same cohort at the same faculty, so we’ve known each other since freshman year.
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พี่ชายpîi-chaaiผมpǒmจบjòpมัธยมmát-tá-yomรุ่นrûnปีbpii2555และlɛ́ยังyangติดต่อdtìt-dtɔ̀ɔเพื่อนpʉ̂ʉanรุ่นrûnเดียวกันdiiao-ganอยู่เสมอyùu-sà-mə̌ə
My older brother graduated in the 2012 cohort and still keeps in touch with people from the same batch.
ในnaiกองทัพgɔɔng-tápเขาkǎoถูกtùukบรรจุban-jùเข้าkâoรุ่นrûnเดียวdiiaoกับgàpเพื่อนสนิทpʉ̂ʉan-sà-nìtทำtamให้การhâi-gaanฝึกหนักfʉ̀k-nàkผ่านไปpàan-bpaiได้dâaiด้วยกันdûuai-gan
In the military, he was placed in the same intake as his close friend, which helped them get through the tough training together.
งานคืนสู่เหย้าngaan-kʉʉn-sùu-yâoอาaaลัมlamไนnaiปีนี้bpii-níiแบ่งbɛ̀ngโต๊ะdtóตามdtaamรุ่นrûnเพื่อให้pʉ̂ʉa-hâiเพื่อนpʉ̂ʉanที่tîiเรียนriianพร้อมกันprɔ́ɔm-ganได้dâaiพบปะpóp-bpàและlɛ́รื้อฟื้นความทรงจำrʉ́ʉ-fʉ́ʉn-kwaam-song-jam
At this year’s alumni homecoming, tables were arranged by cohort so classmates from the same batch could meet and reminisce.
4NounB2
seniority level; age group
relative seniority or age compared to others in a group (e.g., older/younger group)
Examples
ในnaiในnai1in; inside; within2during; in (time)3of; belonging to (formal)ที่ทำงานtêe tam ngaanที่ทำงานtêe tam ngaanworkplace; officeนี้néeนี้née1this (near speaker)2this one3this; the present (time/topic)ฉันchănฉันchăn1I; me2[to] eat (of Buddhist monks and novices)ถือว่าtĕuu wâaถือว่าtĕuu wâa1[to] consider; regard; deem2it can be considered that; it's fair to sayเป็นbpenเป็นbpen1to be (identity/category/state)2to become3[to] know how; be able to (skill)4[to] have; suffer from; be in (a condition)คนkonคนkon1person; human2classifier: peopleรุ่นน้องrûn nóngรุ่นน้องrûn nónga junior (at school/work)ต้องdtôngต้องdtông1must; have to2must; bound toคอยkoiคอยkoi1[to] wait (for [sb]/[sth])2keep (doing); regularly (do)3[to] be on standby; be readyเรียนรู้จากrian róo jàakเรียนรู้จากrian róo jàak[to] learn from [sth/sb]พี่ๆpêe pêeพี่ๆpêe pêe1older siblings/peers (plural)2vocative to multiple older people3you (older people, plural); they
At this workplace, I'm considered the junior, so I need to learn from the seniors.
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เขาkăoอยู่yòoรุ่นพี่rûn pêeเพราะpráwเริ่มrêrmทำงานtam ngaanก่อนgònเราraoหลายlăaiปีbpeeเลยloieดูแลdoo laeน้องๆnáwng náwng
He is in the senior group because he started working years before us, so he looks after the juniors.
แม้mɛ́ɛเราraoจะjàอายุaa-yúไล่เลี่ยกันlâi-lîia-ganแต่dtɛ̀ɛในnaiชมรมchom-romเขาkǎoถือเป็นtʉ̌ʉ-bpenรุ่นพี่rûn-pîiจึงjʉngมีสิทธิ์mii-sìtตัดสินใจdtàt-sǐn-jaiเรื่องสำคัญrʉ̂ʉang-sǎm-kan
Even though we're similar in age, in the club he's considered a senior, so he has the authority to make important decisions.
ตามธรรมเนียมdtaam-tam-niiamของkɔ̌ɔngวงการwong-gaanนี้níiเราraoต้องdtɔ̂ngให้เกียรติhâi-gìiatคนkonรุ่นพี่rûn-pîiก่อนเสมอgɔ̀ɔn-sà-mə̌əไม่ว่าจะmâi-wâa-jàสนิทsà-nìtกันganแค่ไหนkɛ̂ɛ-nǎi
By the custom of this field, we must always show respect to the seniors, no matter how close we are.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classLow class
- Tone markMai ek
- Syllable endingLive syllableNot needed here: the tone mark decides.
Low class consonants
คฅฆงชซฌญฑฒณทธนพฟภมยรลวฬฮ
Result
Falling tone
rûn
Starts high, rises a little, then drops clearly.
Low class + Mai ek → Falling
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |