อับ
àpMeanings
1AdjectiveB1
stuffy; poorly ventilated
having little or no fresh air; close and hard to breathe in
Examples
ห้องนี้hɔ̂ng-níiห้องนี้hɔ̂ng-níithis roomปิดbpìtปิดbpìt1[to] close; shut2[to] turn off; switch off3closed; shut; not open4[to] cover; seal5[to] block; conceal; suppress; withholdหน้าต่างnâa-dtàangหน้าต่างnâa-dtàang1window2window (computing)นานnaanนานnaan1for a long time2long (in duration)ไปbpaiไปbpai1[to] go2away; off (directional complement/particle)3on; onward; continuously (aspect marker)4(aspect) completed; already pastเลยləəiเลยləəi1at all; whatsoever (often in negatives)2so; thus; then (immediate result)3completely; absolutely (emphasis)4[to] pass; go beyond; exceedอับàpอับàp1stuffy; poorly ventilated2musty; stale3short of; at a loss forหายใจhǎai-jaiหายใจhǎai-jai[to] breathe; respireไม่ค่อยmâi-kɔ̂iไม่ค่อยmâi-kɔ̂i1rarely; seldom; not often2not very; hardly (degree)ออกɔ̀ɔkออกɔ̀ɔk1[to] go out; exit; leave2out; outward3[in sports] out of bounds4[to] come out; appear; be issued5[to] produce; emit; put out6[to] pay; spend; disburse7[to] quit; resign8[to] issue; publish9successfully; out (indicating comprehension or discovery)
This room has had the windows closed for too long, so it feels stuffy and hard to breathe.
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The bus was crowded and stuffy, making many passengers dizzy.
ห้องประชุมhông bprà-chumเล็กlékๆ-ไม่มีmâi meeการถ่ายเทอากาศgaan tàai tay aa-gàatเลยloieบรรยากาศban-yaa-gàatอับàpจนjonคนkonเริ่มrêrmไอai
The small meeting room had no ventilation; it was so stuffy that people started coughing.
อุโมงค์ù-moongใต้ดินdtâai-dinยาวyaaoมากmâakและlɛ́อับàpเพราะprɔ́ระบบระบายอากาศrá-bòp-rá-baai-aa-gàatทำงานtam-ngaanไม่mâiเต็มที่dtem-tîi
The long underground tunnel was close and hard to breathe in because the ventilation system wasn’t fully functioning.
2AdjectiveB1
musty; stale
smelling damp, old, or not fresh, as in a closed or humid place
Examples
เสื้อผ้าsʉ̂ʉa-pâaเสื้อผ้าsʉ̂ʉa-pâaclothes; clothing; apparelที่tîiที่tîi1place; spot; seat; space2at; in; to (a place)3classifier: places; seats; individual servings4that/which/who (relative marker)5when; the time that (time marker)6ordinal markerตากdtàakตากdtàak1to dry; air-dry; sun-dry2[to] expose; be exposed (to the elements)3Tak (province)ไม่mâiไม่mâi1not (negator)2no (reply)แห้งhɛ̂ɛngแห้งhɛ̂ɛng1dry; not wet2[to] dry; become dry3dry; served without brothมีmiiมีmii1[to] have; possess2there is/are; exist3[to] experience; undergoกลิ่นอับglìn-àpกลิ่นอับglìn-àpmusty smell
Clothes that didn’t dry have a musty smell.
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The storage room has been closed for a long time, so the musty smell is very strong.
The carpet got wet in the rain and smells musty; it needs to be dried in the sun all day.
อากาศaa-gàatชื้นchéunทำให้tam hâiผนังpà-năngขึ้นราkêun raaและláeห้องhôngมีmeeกลิ่นอับglìn àpแม้máeจะjàเปิดbpèrtพัดลมระบายอากาศpát-lom rá-baai aa-gàatแล้วก็ตามláew gô dtaam
The humidity causes mold on the walls and a musty smell in the room, even with the exhaust fan on.
3AdjectiveB2
short of; at a loss for
not having enough of [sth]; at a loss for [sth] (e.g., อับปัญญา ‘at a loss for ideas’)
Examples
ช่วงนี้chûuang-níiช่วงนี้chûuang-níi1these days; lately; currently2this period (of time); the current periodผมpǒmผมpǒm1I; me (male speaker, polite)2hair (on the head)อับไอเดียàp-ai-diiaอับไอเดียàp-ai-diia[to] be out of ideas; feel stuck; feel uninspiredไม่รู้mâi-rúuไม่รู้mâi-rúu1[to] not know; be unaware (of); be uncertain2I don't know.จะjàจะjà1will; shall (future/intention marker)2about to; going to (near future, often w/ กำลังจะ)3will; would (in conditional results)เขียนkǐianเขียนkǐian1[to] write2[to] draw; sketch3[to] fill out; write in4[to] compose; author5[to] write (data); burn (a disc)อะไรà-raiอะไรà-rai1what2what; what kind of (modifier)3something; anything (unspecified)4what? (interjection of surprise/confusion)ต่อdtɔ̀ɔต่อdtɔ̀ɔ1[to] continue; go on2per; each (rate/unit)3[to] connect; attach; join4[to] bargain; haggle5[to] renew; extend
Lately I'm short on ideas; I don't know what to write next.
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She's short of funds, so she has to postpone her travel plans.
ทีมวิจัยteem wí-jaiกำลังgam-langอับàpข้อมูลkôr moonภาคสนามpâak sà-năamจึงjeungยังyangสรุปผลsà-rùp pŏnที่ชัดเจนtêe chát jaynไม่ได้mâi dâai
The research team lacks field data, so they cannot draw clear conclusions yet.
ในnaiวิกฤตwí-grìtนี้níiหลายlǎaiครอบครัวkrɔ̂ɔp-kruuaอับàpโอกาสoo-gàatและlɛ́อับàpทรัพยากรsáp-pá-yaa-gɔɔnจึงjʉngต้องdtɔ̂ngพึ่งพาpʉ̂ng-paaเครือข่ายkrʉʉa-kàaiชุมชนchum-chon
In this crisis many families are short on opportunities and resources, so they must rely on community networks.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classMid class
- Tone markNo tone mark
- Syllable endingDead syllableEnds in -บ, a stop, so it is dead.
Mid class consonants
กจฎฏดตบปอ
Result
Low tone
àp
Starts low and stays low, easing slightly down.
Mid class + No tone mark + Dead syllable → Low
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |