เชื้อ
chʉ́ʉaMeanings
1NounB1
germ; pathogen
a microorganism that can cause disease, such as a bacterium, virus, or fungus
Examples
ล้างมือláang meuuล้างมือláang meuu1[to] wash hands2[to] quit; [to] withdraw from [sth]บ่อยbòiบ่อยbòioften; frequentlyๆ-เพื่อpêuuaเพื่อpêuua1for; in order to2for the sake of; on behalf ofลดlótลดlót1[to] reduce; decrease; lessen; drop2[to] lower (price); discount; mark down3[to] lower [sth]เชื้อchéuuaเชื้อchéuua1germ; pathogen2fuel; combustible material3lineage; ancestry4culture; starter5cause; source (of trouble)ที่têeที่têe1place; spot; seat; space2at; in; to (a place)3classifier: places; seats; individual servings4that/which/who (relative marker)5when; the time that (time marker)6ordinal markerทำให้tam hâiทำให้tam hâi1[to] make; cause [sb/sth] to [do/be sth]; render2[to] do/make [sth] for [sb]ป่วยbpùaiป่วยbpùai1sick; ill; unwell2[to] be ill; fall sick
Wash your hands often to reduce germs that cause illness.
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หมอmɔ̌ɔตรวจพบdtrùuat-pópเชื้อไวรัสchʉ́ʉa-wai-rátในตัวnai-dtuuaอย่างที่yàang-tîiส่งไปsòng-bpaiแล็บlɛ́p
The doctor detected a virus in the sample sent to the lab.
ถ้าtâaเชื้อแบคทีเรียchʉ́ʉa-bɛ̀ɛk-tii-riiaดื้อยาdʉ̂ʉ-yaaการรักษาgaan-rák-sǎaจะjàยากyâakขึ้นkʉ̂nมากmâak
If the bacteria are drug-resistant, treatment becomes much more difficult.
หลังlǎngผ่าตัดpàa-dtàtแพทย์pɛ̂ɛtเฝ้าระวังfâo-rá-wangการติดเชื้อgaan-dtìt-chʉ́ʉaจากjàakเชื้อราchʉ́ʉa-raaและlɛ́ไวรัสwai-rátในnaiโรงพยาบาลroong-pá-yaa-baanอย่างใกล้ชิดyàang-glâi-chít
After surgery, doctors closely monitor for infections caused by fungi and viruses in the hospital.
2NounB1
fuel; combustible material
material used to produce fire or energy, such as wood, charcoal, or other combustible matter
Examples
ก่อไฟgɔ̀ɔ-faiก่อไฟgɔ̀ɔ-fai[to] build a fire; start a fireไม่ได้mâi-dâaiไม่ได้mâi-dâai1cannot; not allowed; impossible2did not3[to] fail to get/receive [sth]4unacceptable; not allowed (won’t do)5No way!; absolutely not6not really/actually (corrective)เพราะprɔ́เพราะprɔ́1because2because of; due to3melodious; pleasant-soundingไม่mâiไม่mâi1not (negator)2no (reply)มีเชื้อmii-chʉ́ʉaมีเชื้อmii-chʉ́ʉa1[to] be infected; [to] carry [a] pathogen2[to] be of [sth] descent; [to] have [sth] ancestry3[to] be fertile; contain viable sperm; be fertilizedเลยləəiเลยləəi1at all; whatsoever (often in negatives)2so; thus; then (immediate result)3completely; absolutely (emphasis)4[to] pass; go beyond; exceed
We couldn’t light a fire because there was no fuel at all.
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Villagers use firewood as fuel for cooking rice.
ถ่านไม้tàan-máaiเป็นbpenเชื้อchʉ́ʉaที่tîiให้hâiความร้อนkwaam-rɔ́ɔnสม่ำเสมอsà-màm-sà-mə̌əเหมาะกับmɔ̀-gàpการย่างgaan-yâangอาหารaa-hǎan
Charcoal is a fuel that provides steady heat, suitable for grilling food.
การเลือกgaan-lʉ̂ʉakเชื้อchʉ́ʉaที่tîiมีmiiความชื้นkwaam-chʉ́ʉnต่ำdtàmช่วยchûuaiเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพpə̂əm-bprà-sìt-tí-pâapการเผาไหม้gaan-pǎo-mâiและlɛ́ลดlótควันkwan
Choosing fuel with low moisture improves combustion efficiency and reduces smoke.
3NounB2
lineage; ancestry
family line, descent, or origin by birth; bloodline
Examples
ท่านtânท่านtân1you (formal/polite)2he; she (honorific)3sir; madam4honorific title5classifier (polite for persons)มีmiiมีmii1[to] have; possess2there is/are; exist3[to] experience; undergoเชื้อเจ้าchʉ́ʉa-jâaoเชื้อเจ้าchʉ́ʉa-jâaoroyal lineage; royal bloodจึงjʉngจึงjʉng1therefore; so; thus2only then; then (as a result)ได้รับdâi-rápได้รับdâi-ráp1[to] receive; get; obtain; be given/granted/awarded2[to] experience; be subjected to; suffer; sustain; be affected by3[to] be ...-ed (passive with ได้รับ/ได้รับการ)การยกย่องgaan-yók-yɔ̂ɔngการยกย่องgaan-yók-yɔ̂ɔng1praise; commendation2honor; high esteemในnaiในnai1in; inside; within2during; in (time)3of; belonging to (formal)พิธีการpí-tii-gaanพิธีการpí-tii-gaan1formalities; protocol2official procedure; formalitiesสำคัญsǎm-kanสำคัญsǎm-kan1important; significant; essential2[to] think; assume; suppose (often mistakenly)ของตระกูลkɔ̌ɔng-dtrà-guunของตระกูลkɔ̌ɔng-dtrà-guunof the family; belonging to the family
He has royal blood, so he is honored in the family's important ceremonies.
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เธอtəəภูมิใจpuum-jaiในnaiเชื้อสายปกาเกอะญอchʉ́ʉa-sǎai-bpà-gaa-gə̀-yɔɔและlɛ́สืบทอดsʉ̀ʉp-tɔ̂ɔtภาษาpaa-sǎaไว้wáiกับgàpลูกหลานlûuk-lǎan
She is proud of her Karen lineage and passes the language on to her descendants.
พงศาวดารpong-sǎa-wá-daanระบุrá-bùชัดchátว่าwâaเขาkǎoเป็นbpenผู้pûuสืบsʉ̀ʉpเชื้อchʉ́ʉaจากjàakสายsǎaiตะวันออกdtà-wan-ɔ̀ɔkของkɔ̌ɔngราชวงศ์râat-chá-wong
The chronicles clearly state that he descends from the eastern branch of the dynasty.
แม้mɛ́ɛย้ายถิ่นฐานyáai-tìn-tǎanมาmaaหลายรุ่นlǎai-rûnครอบครัวkrɔ̂ɔp-kruuaยังyangรักษาธรรมเนียมrák-sǎa-tam-niiamตามdtaamเชื้อchʉ́ʉaบรรพบุรุษban-pá-bù-rútไว้wáiไม่mâiเปลี่ยนbplìian
Even after relocating for generations, the family still preserves the traditions of their ancestral bloodline unchanged.
4NounB2
culture; starter
a preparation containing microorganisms used to start or maintain fermentation (e.g., yeast for bread, starter for yogurt)
Examples
ทำtamทำtam1[to] do; make2[to] act; behave3[to] cook; prepare food4[to] do; carry out (work)5[to] cause; makeขนมปังkà-nǒm-bpangขนมปังkà-nǒm-bpangbreadต้องdtɔ̂ngต้องdtɔ̂ng1must; have to2must; bound toใส่sàiใส่sài1[to] put in; [to] add2[to] wear; [to] put on3[to] include; [to] insert (data, settings)4[to] attack; [to] go at (colloq.)เชื้อchʉ́ʉaเชื้อchʉ́ʉa1germ; pathogen2fuel; combustible material3lineage; ancestry4culture; starter5cause; source (of trouble)ยีสต์yíitยีสต์yíityeast (baking/fermentation microorganism)ให้hâiให้hâi1[to] give; provide2[to] allow; let; permit3to; for [sb] (recipient)4[to] have [sb] do; cause to5for (benefit of)6so that; in order to7until; to the point that (result)โดฟูdoo-fuuโดฟูdoo-fuutofu (loanword)ขึ้นkʉ̂nขึ้นkʉ̂n1[to] go up; rise; ascend2[to] increase3[to] board; get on4result complement: upward/better5postverbal particle: onset or occurrence6[to] sprout; grow; appear7northward/up-country8waxing phase (of the moon)
To make bread, you need to add yeast starter so the dough rises.
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Mom used sour milk as a starter to make a new batch of yogurt.
โรงงานroong-ngaanควบคุมkûuap-kumอุณหภูมิถังun-hà-puum-tǎngหมักmàkอย่างเข้มงวดyàang-kêm-ngûuatเพื่อให้pʉ̂ʉa-hâiเชื้อchʉ́ʉaทำงานtam-ngaanได้dâaiสม่ำเสมอsà-màm-sà-mə̌ə
The factory strictly controls the fermentation tank temperature so that the starter cultures work consistently.
ถ้าtâaเชื้อchʉ́ʉaไม่แข็งแรงmâi-kɛ̌ng-rɛɛngการหมักgaan-màkจะjàชะงักchá-ngákและlɛ́เกิดgə̀ətรสชาติrót-châatที่tîiไม่พึงประสงค์mâi-pʉng-bprà-sǒng
If the starter culture is not robust, fermentation will stall and produce undesirable flavors.
5NounC1
cause; source (of trouble)
an originating cause or source, often of conflict, trouble, or a problem
Examples
คำพูดkam-pûutคำพูดkam-pûut1what someone says; remarks2one's word; promise3wording; phrasingประชดbprà-chótประชดbprà-chót1[to] be sarcastic; [to] say/do sarcastically2[to] do sth sarcastically; [to] act out of spite3sarcastic remark; sarcasmของเขาkɔ̌ɔng-kǎoของเขาkɔ̌ɔng-kǎohis; hers; theirsกลายเป็นglaai-bpenกลายเป็นglaai-bpen1[to] become; turn into [sth]2[to] turn out (to be) [sth/that]เชื้อchʉ́ʉaเชื้อchʉ́ʉa1germ; pathogen2fuel; combustible material3lineage; ancestry4culture; starter5cause; source (of trouble)ให้hâiให้hâi1[to] give; provide2[to] allow; let; permit3to; for [sb] (recipient)4[to] have [sb] do; cause to5for (benefit of)6so that; in order to7until; to the point that (result)เพื่อนpʉ̂ʉanเพื่อนpʉ̂ʉan1friend2classmate; colleague (peer)3companion; fellowทะเลาะกันtá-lɔ́-ganทะเลาะกันtá-lɔ́-gan[to] argue; quarrel (with each other)หนักขึ้นnàk-kʉ̂nหนักขึ้นnàk-kʉ̂nmore severely; more heavily; worse (comparative)
His sarcastic remarks became the spark that intensified the friends’ quarrel.
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ความkwaamไม่โปร่งใสmâi-bpròong-sǎiของkɔ̌ɔngโครงการkroong-gaanเป็นbpenเชื้อchʉ́ʉaให้เกิดhâi-gə̀ətความkwaamระแวงrá-wɛɛngในnaiชุมชนchum-chon
The project’s lack of transparency was the seed for growing suspicion in the community.
ความเหลื่อมล้ำkwaam-lʉ̀ʉam-lámที่tîiยืดเยื้อyʉ̂ʉt-yʉ́ʉaมานานmaa-naanเป็นbpenเชื้อchʉ́ʉaของkɔ̌ɔngความขัดแย้งkwaam-kàt-yɛ́ɛngทางสังคมtaang-sǎng-komที่tîiปะทุbpà-túเป็นระยะbpen-rá-yá
Long-standing inequality is the source of social conflicts that flare up periodically.
การบิดเบือนgaan-bìt-bʉʉanข้อมูลkɔ̂ɔ-muunทำหน้าที่tam-nâa-tîiเป็นbpenเชื้อchʉ́ʉaให้hâiความเกลียดชังkwaam-glìiat-changแพร่กระจายprɛ̂ɛ-grà-jaaiรวดเร็วrûuat-reoในnaiโลกออนไลน์lôok-ɔɔn-laai
The distortion of information serves as the catalyst for hatred to spread rapidly online.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classLow class
- Tone markMai tho
- Syllable endingLive syllableNot needed here: the tone mark decides.
Low class consonants
คฅฆงชซฌญฑฒณทธนพฟภมยรลวฬฮ
Result
High tone
chʉ́ʉa
Starts high and keeps climbing.
Low class + Mai tho → High
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |