ล่วง
lûuangMeanings
1VerbB2
[to] pass; exceed; elapse
To pass by or go beyond a place, limit, or time; to exceed a set amount; of time, to elapse.
Examples
ขบวนรถไฟkà-buuan-rót-faiขบวนรถไฟkà-buuan-rót-fai1a train (set of rail cars)2train service/run (as listed in timetables)ล่วงlûuangล่วงlûuang1[to] pass; exceed; elapse2in advance; beforehand; ahead of time3[to] overstep; transgress; offendสถานีsà-tǎa-niiสถานีsà-tǎa-nii1transport station2broadcasting station3service station/baseไปbpaiไปbpai1[to] go2away; off (directional complement/particle)3on; onward; continuously (aspect marker)4(aspect) completed; already pastนิดหน่อยnít-nɔ̀iนิดหน่อยnít-nɔ̀i1a little; a bit2a small amountก่อนจะgɔ̀ɔn-jàก่อนจะgɔ̀ɔn-jàbefore (introducing a clause)หยุดyùtหยุดyùt[to] stop; haltสนิทsà-nìtสนิทsà-nìt1close; intimate (relationship)2tight; snug; sealed
The train passed a little beyond the station before coming to a stop.
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It is already past noon, but he still hasn't taken a lunch break.
ค่าใช้จ่ายkâa-chái-jàaiของkɔ̌ɔngโครงการkroong-gaanล่วงlûuangงบประมาณngóp-bprà-maanที่tîiตั้งไว้dtâng-wáiไปbpaiประมาณbprà-maanหนึ่งแสนnʉ̀ng-sɛ̌ɛnบาทbàat
The project's expenses exceeded the set budget by about one hundred thousand baht.
ฤดูฝนrʉ́-duu-fǒnล่วงlûuangมาmaaหลายlǎaiสัปดาห์sàp-daaแล้วlɛ́ɛoแต่dtɛ̀ɛปริมาณbpà-rí-maanน้ำnáamในnaiอ่างàangยังyangต่ำกว่าdtàm-gwàaค่าเฉลี่ยkâa-chà-lìia
Several weeks of the rainy season have elapsed, yet the reservoir levels are still below average.
2AdverbB2
in advance; beforehand; ahead of time
Earlier than the scheduled or expected time.
Examples
รถrótรถrót1vehicle (general)2car; automobileออกɔ̀ɔkออกɔ̀ɔk1[to] go out; exit; leave2out; outward3[in sports] out of bounds4[to] come out; appear; be issued5[to] produce; emit; put out6[to] pay; spend; disburse7[to] quit; resign8[to] issue; publish9successfully; out (indicating comprehension or discovery)ก่อนเวลาgɔ̀ɔn-wee-laaก่อนเวลาgɔ̀ɔn-wee-laa1early; ahead of schedule2too soon; prematurelyสิบห้าsìp-hâaสิบห้าsìp-hâafifteen (15)นาทีnaa-tiiนาทีnaa-tii1minute (time unit)2moment; minute (informal)ทำให้tam-hâiทำให้tam-hâi1[to] make; cause [sb/sth] to [do/be sth]; render2[to] do/make [sth] for [sb]ถึงtʉ̌ngถึงtʉ̌ng1to; until; up to2[to] arrive; reach3to; toward (recipient/goal)4even if; even though5as much as; as many as; to the point of6about; concerning; regardingที่หมายtîi-mǎaiที่หมายtîi-mǎai1destination; rendezvous2target; goal; aimเร็วขึ้นreo-kʉ̂nเร็วขึ้นreo-kʉ̂n1faster; more quickly2faster (than before)3[to] become faster; speed up
The bus left fifteen minutes earlier than scheduled, so we arrived earlier.
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เขาkăoมาถึงmaa tŭengสนามบินsà-năam binล่วงหน้าlûuang nâaตั้งdtângสองsŏngชั่วโมงchûua-mohngเพื่อpêuuaเช็กอินchék inสบายsà-baaiๆ-
He arrived at the airport two hours in advance to check in comfortably.
ผู้จัดpûu-jàtขอkɔ̌ɔเริ่มงานrə̂əm-ngaanล่วงlûuangกำหนดgam-nòtเล็กน้อยlék-nɔ́ɔiเพราะprɔ́ฝนfǒnตั้งdtângเค้าkáo
The organizer requested to start the event slightly earlier than planned because rain was looming.
เราraoควรkuuanส่งsòngรายงานraai-ngaanล่วงlûuangกำหนดgam-nòtหนึ่งnʉ̀ngวันwanเผื่อpʉ̀ʉaแก้ไขgɛ̂ɛ-kǎiข้อผิดพลาดkɔ̂ɔ-pìt-plâat
We should submit the report one day ahead of schedule in case we need to fix errors.
3VerbC1
[to] overstep; transgress; offend
To go beyond what is allowed or proper; to violate rules or someone's rights; to act offensively or disrespectfully.
Examples
การนำgaan-namการนำgaan-nam1act of leading/bringing2leadership; leading role3conduction (heat or electricity)ข้อมูลส่วนตัวkɔ̂ɔ-muun-sùuan-dtuuaข้อมูลส่วนตัวkɔ̂ɔ-muun-sùuan-dtuuapersonal information; personal dataไปbpaiไปbpai1[to] go2away; off (directional complement/particle)3on; onward; continuously (aspect marker)4(aspect) completed; already pastเผยแพร่pə̌əi-prɛ̂ɛเผยแพร่pə̌əi-prɛ̂ɛ1[to] publish; disseminate2[to] propagate; spreadโดยdooiโดยdooi1by; via; through2in a ... way; -lyไม่ได้รับmâi-dâi-rápไม่ได้รับmâi-dâi-ráp[to] not receive [sth]อนุญาตà-nú-yâatอนุญาตà-nú-yâat[to] allow; permitถือว่าtʉ̌ʉ-wâaถือว่าtʉ̌ʉ-wâa1[to] consider; regard; deem2it can be considered that; it's fair to sayล่วงlûuangล่วงlûuang1[to] pass; exceed; elapse2in advance; beforehand; ahead of time3[to] overstep; transgress; offendสิทธิsìt-tíสิทธิsìt-tí1right; entitlement2privilegeผู้อื่นpûu-ʉ̀ʉnผู้อื่นpûu-ʉ̀ʉnothers; other people; someone else
Publishing personal data without permission is considered violating others’ rights.
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ห้ามhâamล่วงlûuangกติกาgà-dtì-gaaของkɔ̌ɔngสมาคมsà-maa-komไม่เช่นนั้นmâi-chên-nánอาจàatถูกtùukลงโทษlong-tôotตามdtaamระเบียบrá-bìiap
Do not violate the association’s rules, otherwise you may be penalized under the regulations.
คำพูดkam-pûutเหยียดหยามyìiat-yǎamเช่นนั้นchên-nánถือว่าtʉ̌ʉ-wâaล่วงศักดิ์ศรีlûuang-sàk-sǐiความเป็นมนุษย์kwaam-bpen-má-nútและlɛ́ไม่อาจmâi-àatยอมรับyɔɔm-rápได้dâaiในnaiที่ทำงานtîi-tam-ngaan
Such derogatory remarks constitute a violation of human dignity and are unacceptable in the workplace.
การเข้าไปgaan-kâo-bpaiค้นkónโทรศัพท์too-rá-sàpโดยปราศจากdooi-bpràat-sà-jàakคำสั่งkam-sàngศาลsǎanเป็นbpenการgaanล่วงlûuangความเป็นส่วนตัวkwaam-bpen-sùuan-dtuuaอย่างชัดแจ้งyàang-chát-jɛ̂ɛng
Searching a phone without a court order is a clear violation of privacy.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classLow class
- Tone markMai ek
- Syllable endingLive syllableNot needed here: the tone mark decides.
Low class consonants
คฅฆงชซฌญฑฒณทธนพฟภมยรลวฬฮ
Result
Falling tone
lûuang
Starts high, rises a little, then drops clearly.
Low class + Mai ek → Falling
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |