พฤตินัย(prʉ́-dtì-nai)
Meanings
1AdjectiveC1
de facto; in practice
existing or operating in practice, though not formally established by law or recognized officially; de facto; contrasted with de jure (นิตินัยนิตินัยní-dtì-naide jure; by law (legal status))
Examples
แม้máeแม้máe1even2even; even if; althoughไม่mâiไม่mâi1not (negator)2no (reply)มีระเบียบmee rá-bìiapมีระเบียบmee rá-bìiaporderly; tidy; disciplinedชัดเจนchát-jenชัดเจนchát-jen1clear; distinct; obvious2explicit; definite; unambiguous; unequivocalแต่dtàeแต่dtàe1but; however (contrast)2only; just (restriction)3from; since (starting point)4even; despite (emphatic concessive)พฤตินัยprʉ́-dtì-naiพฤตินัยprʉ́-dtì-nai1de facto; in practice2de facto status/condition3de facto; in practice (adverbial)ทุกคนtúk konทุกคนtúk koneveryone; everybodyก็gâwก็gâw1also; too2then; so (sequence/result)3even; after all (emphasis/justification)4conditional marker (if… then…)5topic/resumption markerทำตามtam dtaamทำตามtam dtaam1follow; comply; obey2[to] imitate [sb]; copy; do likewise3conform to; follow a modelวิธีwí-teeวิธีwí-tee1method; way2manner; wayนี้néeนี้née1this (near speaker)2this one3this; the present (time/topic)มาmaaมาmaa1[to] come; arrive2come to (result/state)3past/as of now aspect markerหลายlăaiหลายlăai1many; several2many; numerous (as a pronoun)ปีbpeeปีbpee1year2years old3zodiac year; animal yearแล้วláeoแล้วláeo1already; now (as of this point)2then; and then; after that3already (preverbal perfective)4and; and then (linking clauses)5already (sentence-final)
Even without clear regulations, in practice everyone has followed this method for years.
2NounC1
de facto status/condition
a state of affairs that exists in reality or practice rather than by legal or formal sanction
Examples
บริษัทbò-rí-sàtบริษัทbò-rí-sàtcompany; firm; corporationนี้néeนี้née1this (near speaker)2this one3this; the present (time/topic)พฤตินัยprʉ́-dtì-naiพฤตินัยprʉ́-dtì-nai1de facto; in practice2de facto status/condition3de facto; in practice (adverbial)แล้วláeoแล้วláeo1already; now (as of this point)2then; and then; after that3already (preverbal perfective)4and; and then (linking clauses)5already (sentence-final)บริหารbò-rí-hăanบริหารbò-rí-hăan1[to] manage; administer; run2[to] govern; oversee3administration; management4[to] exercise (one's body)โดยdoiโดยdoi1by (transport/communication)2in a ... way; -ly3by (passive marker in formal style)4by; via; throughครอบครัวkrôp kruuaครอบครัวkrôp kruua1family; household2family unit (sociological)ผู้ก่อตั้งpôo gòr dtângผู้ก่อตั้งpôo gòr dtângfounder; originatorแม้máeแม้máe1even2even; even if; althoughจะjàจะjà1will; shall (future/intention marker)2about to; going to (near future, often w/ กำลังจะ)3then; would (result in conditionals)มีmeeมีmee1[to] have; possess2there is/are; exist3[to] experience; undergoคณะกรรมการká-ná gam-má-gaanคณะกรรมการká-ná gam-má-gaancommittee; boardอยู่yòoอยู่yòo1to be (located); be at2progressive/continuative marker3[to] live; reside; stay4to exist; remainตามdtaamตามdtaam1[to] follow; go after2[to] comply with; abide by; obey3according to; in accordance with4along; along (a path); following (direction)5after; behind; in pursuit of6as; in the capacity of (ตามที่/ตามฐานะ)ระเบียบrá-bìiapระเบียบrá-bìiap1regulation; administrative rule2order; orderliness3discipline4procedure; protocol
In practice, this company is run by the founding family, even though there is a board as per regulations.
3AdverbC1
de facto; in practice (adverbial)
used adverbially to mean “in practice” or “as a matter of fact,” contrasting with what is prescribed by law (de jure; นิตินัยนิตินัยní-dtì-naide jure; by law (legal status))
Examples
ตามdtaamตามdtaam1[to] follow; go after2[to] comply with; abide by; obey3according to; in accordance with4along; along (a path); following (direction)5after; behind; in pursuit of6as; in the capacity of (ตามที่/ตามฐานะ)พฤตินัยprʉ́-dtì-naiพฤตินัยprʉ́-dtì-nai1de facto; in practice2de facto status/condition3de facto; in practice (adverbial)โครงการkrohng gaanโครงการkrohng gaan1project; scheme2plan; proposalนี้néeนี้née1this (near speaker)2this one3this; the present (time/topic)ดำเนินdam-nernดำเนินdam-nern1[to] proceed; carry out; continue2[to] conduct; manage; administer (formal)3[to] walk; move along (formal/literary)โดยdoiโดยdoi1by (transport/communication)2in a ... way; -ly3by (passive marker in formal style)4by; via; throughเทศบาลtâyt-sà-baanเทศบาลtâyt-sà-baan1municipality; municipal government2municipal office3municipalแม้máeแม้máe1even2even; even if; althoughตามdtaamตามdtaam1[to] follow; go after2[to] comply with; abide by; obey3according to; in accordance with4along; along (a path); following (direction)5after; behind; in pursuit of6as; in the capacity of (ตามที่/ตามฐานะ)ระเบียบrá-bìiapระเบียบrá-bìiap1regulation; administrative rule2order; orderliness3discipline4procedure; protocolจะjàจะjà1will; shall (future/intention marker)2about to; going to (near future, often w/ กำลังจะ)3then; would (result in conditionals)ระบุว่าrá-bù wâaระบุว่าrá-bù wâa[to] specify that; [to] state thatเป็นbpenเป็นbpen1to be (identity/category/state)2to become3[to] know how; be able to (skill)4[to] be + set expressionsหน้าที่nâa têeหน้าที่nâa têe1duty; responsibility2function; role3official duty; post assignmentของkŏngของkŏng1of; belonging to2thing; item; stuff3property; goodsจังหวัดjang-wàtจังหวัดjang-wàt1provincial; upcountry (attrib., often before nouns)2province
In practice, this project is run by the municipality, even though regulations state it's the province’s responsibility.