กร้าน
grâanMeanings
1AdjectiveB2
rough; weather-beaten (skin/surface)
having a hard, coarse, or sun- and wind-beaten surface, as from age or harsh conditions
Examples
มือmʉʉมือmʉʉ1hand2skill; level; expertise3classifier: players in certain gambling games4doer; agent5round; turn (card games)ของkɔ̌ɔngของkɔ̌ɔng1of; belonging to2thing; item; stuff3property; goodsชาวประมงchaao-bprà-mongชาวประมงchaao-bprà-mongfisher; fisherman/fisherwoman; fisherfolkกร้านgrâanกร้านgrâan1rough; weather-beaten (skin/surface)2hardened; callous (figurative)3hard; unyielding (soil); undercooked and hard (rice)จากjàakจากjàak1from; away from2[to] leave; depart; part from3nipa palmลมทะเลlom-tá-leeลมทะเลlom-tá-leesea breezeและlɛ́และlɛ́and (coordinating)แดดdɛ̀ɛtแดดdɛ̀ɛtsunlight; sunshineแรงrɛɛngแรงrɛɛng1strong; intense; severe2force; strength; power3hard; strongly (adverbial use)ทุกวันtúk-wanทุกวันtúk-wan1every day; daily2daily; occurring every day
The fisherman’s hands are rough from the sea wind and the strong sun every day.
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The wooden porch is weathered because it has been exposed to sun and rain for many years.
ใบหน้าbai-nâaของkɔ̌ɔngคุณตาkun-dtaaดูduuกร้านgrâanด้วยdûuaiริ้วรอยríu-rɔɔiจากjàakการทำงานgaan-tam-ngaanกลางแจ้งglaang-jɛ̂ɛngตลอดชีวิตdtà-lɔ̀ɔt-chii-wít
Grandpa’s face looks weather-beaten with wrinkles from a lifetime of outdoor work.
ก้อนหินgɔ̂ɔn-hǐnริมrimชายหาดchaai-hàatกร้านgrâanและlɛ́หยาบyàapเพราะprɔ́ถูกtùukคลื่นklʉ̂ʉnและlɛ́ลมlomกัดกร่อนgàt-grɔ̀ɔnอยู่เสมอyùu-sà-mə̌ə
The stones by the beach are rough and weathered because the waves and wind constantly erode them.
2AdjectiveC1
hardened; callous (figurative)
emotionally tough or unfeeling after long, harsh experiences
Examples
ประสบการณ์ทำงานbprà-sòp-gaan-tam-ngaanประสบการณ์ทำงานbprà-sòp-gaan-tam-ngaanwork experienceเป็นbpenเป็นbpen1to be (identity/category/state)2to become3[to] know how; be able to (skill)4alive; living5[to] have; suffer from; be in (a condition)ตำรวจdtam-rùuatตำรวจdtam-rùuatpolice; police officerมาmaaมาmaa1[to] come; arrive2[to] come to (a state or situation)3past/as of now aspect markerสิบsìpสิบsìp1ten2ten; unit of tenปีbpiiปีbpii1year2classifier: yearsทำให้tam-hâiทำให้tam-hâi1[to] make; cause [sb/sth] to [do/be sth]; render2[to] do/make [sth] for [sb]จิตใจjìt-jaiจิตใจjìt-jai1mind; heart; spirit (inner feelings)2disposition; temperamentเขาkǎoเขาkǎo1he; him2she; her3they; them (context-dependent)4horn5mountain; hillแข็งกร้านkɛ̌ng-grâanแข็งกร้านkɛ̌ng-grâan1hard; rough; weathered (surface/skin)2emotionally hardened; unfeeling (figurative)ขึ้นkʉ̂nขึ้นkʉ̂n1[to] go up; rise; ascend2[to] increase3[to] board; get on4result complement: upward/better5postverbal particle: onset or occurrence6[to] sprout; grow; appear7northward/up-country8waxing phase (of the moon)เยอะyə́เยอะyə́1many; much; a lot (of)2a lot; much (colloq.)3excessive; too much
Ten years of experience as a police officer has made his mind much tougher.
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ใบหน้าbai-nâaที่tîiดูduuเรียบเฉยrîiap-chə̌əiของkɔ̌ɔngเธอtəəซ่อนsɔ̂ɔnหัวใจhǔua-jaiที่tîiแข็งกร้านkɛ̌ng-grâanจากjàakการgaanถูกtùukหักหลังhàk-lǎngมาmaaนับครั้งไม่ถ้วนnáp-kráng-mâi-tûuan
Her expressionless face hides a heart hardened by countless betrayals.
แม้máeจะjàผ่านpàanเรื่องrêuuangเลวร้ายlaeo ráaiมาmaaจนjonดูdooกร้านโลกgrâan lôhkแต่dtàeลึกๆléuk léukแล้วláeoเขาkăoยังคงyang kongโหยหาhŏi hăaความอบอุ่นkwaam òp ùnที่têeขาดหายไปkàat hăai bpai
Despite having gone through so much that he appears world-weary and hardened, deep down he still longs for the warmth that has been missing.
คำพูดkam-pûutเสียดสีsìiat-sǐiที่tîiไร้ความรู้สึกrái-kwaam-rúu-sʉ̀kของเขาkɔ̌ɔng-kǎoเป็นเพียงbpen-piiangเกราะป้องกันgrɔ̀-bpɔ̂ng-ganหัวใจhǔua-jaiที่tîiกร้านgrâanเพราะprɔ́ความทุกข์ระทมkwaam-túk-rá-tomในอดีตnai-à-dìit
His insensitive, sarcastic words are merely a shield protecting a heart hardened by past sorrows.
3Adjective
hard; unyielding (soil); undercooked and hard (rice)
hard or unyielding, as of soil or rice that remains hard after cooking
Examples
ข้าวkâaoข้าวkâao1rice (cooked)2rice (grain/uncooked)3meal; food (general)4rice plant; paddyหม้อmɔ̂ɔหม้อmɔ̂ɔ1pot; cooking pot2jar; pot (earthen/ceramic)3electric rice cooker (colloquial)4transformer (colloq.)นี้níiนี้níi1this (near speaker)2this one3this; the present (time/topic)ยังyangยังyang1still; continuing2not yet (with ไม่)3yet? (question use)4still/even (emphatic degree)5to; towardกร้านgrâanกร้านgrâan1rough; weather-beaten (skin/surface)2hardened; callous (figurative)3hard; unyielding (soil); undercooked and hard (rice)อยู่yùuอยู่yùu1[to] live; reside; stay2to be (located); be at3progressive/continuative marker4to exist; remainกินginกินgin1[to] eat2[to] drink (colloquial/with some nouns)3[to] take medicine (colloquial)4[to] consume; use up5[to] corrode; erode; eat into6[to] take (a bribe); pocketไม่mâiไม่mâi1not (negator)2no (reply)อร่อยà-rɔ̀iอร่อยà-rɔ̀i1delicious; tasty2[to] taste good; be delicious
The rice in this pot is still hard and does not taste good.
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It has not rained for months, so the soil is dry and hard to dig.
แม้mɛ́ɛจะjàไถพรวนtǎi-pruuanไปแล้วbpai-lɛ́ɛoแต่dtɛ̀ɛดินdinที่tîiแห้งกร้านhɛ̂ɛng-grâanจากjàakการขาดน้ำgaan-kàat-náamเป็นเวลานานbpen-wee-laa-naanก็gɔ̂ยังyangไม่mâiเหมาะmɔ̀จะjàปลูกผักbplùuk-pàk
Although it has been tilled, the soil, hardened by a prolonged lack of water, is still unsuitable for growing vegetables.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classMid classConsonant clusterIn the cluster กร, the first consonant ก sets the class.
- Tone markMai tho
- Syllable endingLive syllableNot needed here: the tone mark decides.
Mid class consonants
กจฎฏดตบปอ
Result
Falling tone
grâan
Starts high, rises a little, then drops clearly.
Mid class + Mai tho → Falling
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |