กระด้าง
grà-dâangMeanings
1AdjectiveB1
hard; rough; stiff (texture)
Physically hard, stiff, or rough to the touch; not soft or flexible.
Examples
ผ้าpâaผ้าpâa1cloth; fabric; textile2cloth itemผืนpʉ̌ʉnผืนpʉ̌ʉn1classifier (flat expanses/items)2sheet; stretch (flat expanse)นี้níiนี้níi1this (near speaker)2this one3this; the present (time/topic)ซักsákซักsák1[to] wash (clothes)2about; approximately (before numbers)3[to] interrogate; question closelyแล้วก็lɛ́ɛo-gɔ̂แล้วก็lɛ́ɛo-gɔ̂1and then; after that (sequence)2and also; plus (addition)3and; so; then (continuation/filler)ยังyangยังyang1still; continuing2not yet (with ไม่)3yet? (question use)4still/even (emphatic degree)5to; towardกระด้างgrà-dâangกระด้างgrà-dâang1hard; rough; stiff (texture)2harsh; curt (manner/speech)ไม่mâiไม่mâi1not (negator)2no (reply)นุ่มnûmนุ่มnûm1soft (to the touch)2tender (food)3soft/gentle (voice/tone)เลยləəiเลยləəi1at all; whatsoever (often in negatives)2so; thus; then (immediate result)3completely; absolutely (emphasis)4[to] pass; go beyond; exceed
This cloth is still stiff after washing; it's not soft at all.
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พื้นไม้pʉ́ʉn-máaiที่tîiเก่าgàoมากmâakเริ่มrə̂əmกระด้างgrà-dâangและlɛ́ฝืดเท้าfʉ̀ʉt-táaoเวลาwee-laaเดินdəən
The very old wooden floor has become hard and rough on the feet when walking.
หนังnǎngรองเท้าrɔɔng-táaoคู่kûuนี้níiกระด้างgrà-dâangจนjonงอngɔɔไม่ค่อยmâi-kɔ̂iได้dâaiต้องdtɔ̂ngทาtaaน้ำมันnám-manให้hâiนิ่มnîmลงlong
The leather of these shoes is so stiff that it barely bends; it needs oil to soften.
เชือกchʉ̂ʉakที่tîiตากแดดdtàak-dɛ̀ɛtมานานmaa-naanจะjàกระด้างgrà-dâangและlɛ́เสียsǐiaความยืดหยุ่นkwaam-yʉ̂ʉt-yùnทำให้tam-hâiมัดmátได้dâaiไม่แน่นmâi-nɛ̂n
A rope left in the sun for a long time becomes hard and loses flexibility, making it tie less securely.
2AdjectiveB2
harsh; curt (manner/speech)
Harsh or lacking gentleness in tone, attitude, or behavior; blunt or unfeeling.
Examples
น้ำเสียงnáam-sǐiangน้ำเสียงnáam-sǐiang1tone of voice; vocal tone2tone; tenor (figurative)ของเขาkɔ̌ɔng-kǎoของเขาkɔ̌ɔng-kǎohis; hers; theirsฟังดูfang-duuฟังดูfang-duuto sound; seem (by hearing)แข็งkɛ̌ngแข็งkɛ̌ng1hard; solid2stiff; rigid; firm3strong; tough (person/stance)4frozen5[to] strengthen; rise in value (of currency)6erectและlɛ́และlɛ́and (coordinating)กระด้างgrà-dâangกระด้างgrà-dâang1hard; rough; stiff (texture)2harsh; curt (manner/speech)จนjonจนjon1poor2until; up to3so ... that; to the point ofทุกคนtúk-konทุกคนtúk-koneveryone; everybodyเงียบngîiapเงียบngîiap1quiet; silent2quiet (place/time)3[to] be quiet; fall silent4[to] go silent; stop respondingไปbpaiไปbpai1[to] go2away; off (directional complement/particle)3on; onward; continuously (aspect marker)4(aspect) completed; already past5too; excessively
His tone sounded so hard and harsh that everyone fell silent.
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เธอtəəตอบdtɔ̀ɔpด้วยdûuaiคำพูดkam-pûutกระด้างgrà-dâangทำให้tam-hâiบรรยากาศban-yaa-gàatตึงdtʉngขึ้นkʉ̂nทันทีtan-tii
She replied with blunt words, which immediately made the atmosphere tense.
วิจารณ์wí-jaanได้dâaiแต่dtɛ̀ɛอย่าyàaกระด้างgrà-dâangจนjonคนฟังkon-fangรู้สึกrúu-sʉ̀kถูกtùukดูถูกduu-tùukและlɛ́ไม่mâiอยากyàakรับฟังráp-fang
You can criticize, but don’t be so harsh that listeners feel insulted and unwilling to listen.
ท่าทีtâa-tiiที่tîiกระด้างgrà-dâangของkɔ̌ɔngผู้จัดการpûu-jàt-gaanทำให้tam-hâiลูกทีมlûuk-tiimไม่mâiกล้าglâaพูดpûutและlɛ́ปิดbpìtโอกาสoo-gàatการแลกเปลี่ยนgaan-lɛ̂ɛk-bplìianอย่างจริงใจyàang-jing-jai
The manager’s harsh demeanor made the team afraid to speak and shut down genuine exchange.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
2 syllables · pick one to see its rule
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classMid classConsonant clusterIn the cluster กร, the first consonant ก sets the class.
- Tone markNo tone mark
- Syllable endingDead syllableA short vowel with no final consonant, so it is dead.
Mid class consonants
กจฎฏดตบปอ
Result
Low tone
grà
Starts low and stays low, easing slightly down.
Mid class + No tone mark + Dead syllable → Low
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |