ธรรม
tamMeanings
1NounB2
Dharma; Buddhist teaching
the Buddha’s teaching; the doctrine or truth in Buddhism
Examples
พระอาจารย์prá-aa-jaanพระอาจารย์prá-aa-jaanVenerable teacher (Buddhist monk)สอนsɔ̌ɔnสอนsɔ̌ɔn1[to] teach [sb] [sth]2[to] instruct; train [sb]3[to] admonish; give moral guidanceธรรมtamธรรมtam1Dharma; Buddhist teaching2morality; righteousness3natural law; nature (truth)ให้เราhâi-raoให้เราhâi-rao1[to] give us; [to] give me2for us; for me3let us; allow me/usเข้าใจkâo-jaiเข้าใจkâo-jai1[to] understand; grasp2[to] assume; take sth to be true3[to be] understanding (of [sb])ทุกข์túkทุกข์túk1suffering; misery; distress2[to] suffer; be in distressและlɛ́และlɛ́and (coordinating)ทางออกtaang-ɔ̀ɔkทางออกtaang-ɔ̀ɔk1exit2solution; way outจากjàakจากjàak1from; away from2[to] leave; depart; part from3nipa palmทุกข์túkทุกข์túk1suffering; misery; distress2[to] suffer; be in distressในnaiในnai1in; inside; within2during; in (time)3of; belonging to (formal)ชีวิตประจำวันchii-wít-bprà-jam-wanชีวิตประจำวันchii-wít-bprà-jam-wandaily life; everyday life
The monk teaches the Dhamma to help us understand suffering and the way out of it in daily life.
3 more examplesShow less
ฉันchǎnเริ่มrə̂əmฟังfangเทศนาธรรมtêet-sà-naa-tamทุกเช้าtúk-cháaoเพราะprɔ́อยากyàakเรียนรู้riian-rúuคำสอนของพระพุทธเจ้าkam-sɔ̌ɔn-kɔ̌ɔng-prá-pút-tá-jâaoให้hâiลึกlʉ́kขึ้นkʉ̂n
I started listening to Dhamma talks every morning because I want to learn the Buddha’s teaching more deeply.
การปฏิบัติตามgaan bpà-dtì-bàt dtaamธรรมtamทำให้tam hâiเขาkăoมีสติmee sà-dtìรู้เท่าทันróo tâo tanอารมณ์aa-romและláeค่อยkôiๆ-คลายklaaiความยึดมั่นkwaam yéut mân
Practicing the Dhamma gives him mindfulness of his emotions and gradually loosens attachment.
แม้mɛ́ɛเผชิญpà-chəənปัญหาbpan-hǎaใหญ่yàiเธอtəəยังyangยึดyʉ́tธรรมtamเป็นที่bpen-tîiพึ่งpʉ̂ngโดยdooiใช้cháiสติปัญญาsà-dtì-bpan-yaaพิจารณาpí-jaa-rá-naaเหตุhèetและlɛ́ผลpǒnก่อนgɔ̀ɔnตัดสินใจdtàt-sǐn-jai
Even when facing major problems, she relies on the Dhamma, using mindfulness and wisdom to consider causes and effects before deciding.
2NounB2
morality; righteousness
moral principles, virtue, or what is right and just
Examples
เขาkǎoเขาkǎo1he; him2she; her3they; them (context-dependent)4horn5mountain; hillยอมyɔɔmยอมyɔɔm1[to] agree; consent2[to] allow; permit3[to] yield; give in; submit4[to] admit (acknowledge)เสียsǐiaเสียsǐia1broken; out of order2spoiled; ruined; gone bad3[to] pay4[to] lose; forfeit; waste5[to] die; pass away6particle marking emphasis, completion, or decisivenessผลประโยชน์ส่วนตัวpǒn-bprà-yòot-sùuan-dtuuaผลประโยชน์ส่วนตัวpǒn-bprà-yòot-sùuan-dtuuapersonal benefit; self-interestเพื่อpʉ̂ʉaเพื่อpʉ̂ʉa1for; in order to2for the sake of; on behalf ofรักษาrák-sǎaรักษาrák-sǎa1[to] treat; cure2[to] preserve; maintain; keep3[to] guard; look after; protect4[to] keep (a promise/law); observe5[to] hold (a position); serve asธรรมtamธรรมtam1Dharma; Buddhist teaching2morality; righteousness3natural law; nature (truth)และlɛ́และlɛ́and (coordinating)ความยุติธรรมkwaam-yú-dtì-tamความยุติธรรมkwaam-yú-dtì-tamjustice; fairness; equityไว้wáiไว้wái1[to] keep; save; store2[to] set aside; reserve3for later; in reserve4[to] leave (something) as is5marks retention or maintenance of a state6[to] wear; sport (hair/moustache/etc.)
He gave up personal gain to uphold virtue and justice.
3 more examplesShow less
ในnaiสถานการณ์sà-tǎa-ná-gaanที่tîiกดดันgòt-danเราraoควรkuuanยึดมั่นyʉ́t-mânในnaiธรรมtamไม่mâiเอาเปรียบao-bprìiapใครkrai
In stressful situations, we should adhere to moral principles and not take advantage of others.
ผู้นำpûu-namที่แท้จริงtîi-tɛ́ɛ-jingต้องdtɔ̂ngตัดสินใจdtàt-sǐn-jaiบนbonพื้นฐานpʉ́ʉn-tǎanของkɔ̌ɔngธรรมtamแม้mɛ́ɛจะjàขัดกับkàt-gàpความนิยมkwaam-ní-yomชั่วคราวchûua-kraao
A true leader must make decisions based on moral principles, even if they go against temporary popularity.
การวิจารณ์gaan-wí-jaanอย่างตรงไปตรงมาyàang-dtrong-bpai-dtrong-maaแต่dtɛ̀ɛสุภาพsù-pâapเป็นbpenการยืนหยัดgaan-yʉʉn-yàtเพื่อpʉ̂ʉaธรรมtamในnaiที่ทำงานtîi-tam-ngaan
Being frank yet polite in criticism is a way of standing up for what is right in the workplace.
3NounC1
natural law; nature (truth)
the natural order or law of things; reality as it truly is (in a religious/philosophical sense)
Examples
เขาkǎoเขาkǎo1he; him2she; her3they; them (context-dependent)4horn5mountain; hillพยายามpá-yaa-yaamพยายามpá-yaa-yaam[to] try; attemptมองโลกmɔɔng-lôokมองโลกmɔɔng-lôok[to] view the world; [to] have an outlookตามdtaamตามdtaam1[to] follow; go after2according to; in accordance with3after; behind; in pursuit of4[to] comply with; abide by; obey5along; along (a path); following (direction)ธรรมtamธรรมtam1Dharma; Buddhist teaching2morality; righteousness3natural law; nature (truth)ไม่mâiไม่mâi1not (negator)2no (reply)ฝืนfʉ̌ʉnฝืนfʉ̌ʉn1[to] force oneself; push through; tough it out2[to] resist; go against3[to be] forced; unnatural; strainedสิ่งที่sìng-tîiสิ่งที่sìng-tîithe thing that; whatเกิดขึ้นgə̀ət-kʉ̂nเกิดขึ้นgə̀ət-kʉ̂n[to] happen; occur; arise; emerge; come into beingตามdtaamตามdtaam1[to] follow; go after2according to; in accordance with3after; behind; in pursuit of4[to] comply with; abide by; obey5along; along (a path); following (direction)สภาพsà-pâapสภาพsà-pâap1condition; state2circumstances; situationจริงjingจริงjing1true; real; genuine2really; truly; indeed3intensifier particle (final)4truth; reality (rare as noun)
He tries to see the world according to the natural order, not resisting what happens as it truly is.
3 more examplesShow less
เมื่อmʉ̂ʉaเข้าใจkâo-jaiธรรมtamว่าwâaโลกlôokเปลี่ยนไปbplìian-bpaiตามdtaamเหตุปัจจัยhèet-bpàt-jaiเราraoจึงjʉngวางใจได้waang-jai-dâaiมากขึ้นmâak-kʉ̂n
When we understand the natural order that the world changes according to causes and conditions, we can put our minds at ease more.
การยอมรับgaan-yɔɔm-rápธรรมtamในnaiความkwaamเกิดgə̀ətแก่gɛ̀ɛเจ็บjèpตายdtaaiทำให้tam-hâiเขาkǎoเผชิญpà-chəənความสูญเสียkwaam-sǔun-sǐiaด้วยdûuaiสติsà-dtì
Accepting the natural law of birth, aging, sickness, and death enables him to face loss with mindfulness.
ในnaiยามวิกฤตyaam-wí-grìtเขาkǎoยึดหลักyʉ́t-làkเห็นธรรมhěn-tamตามdtaamความเป็นจริงkwaam-bpen-jingไม่mâiปล่อยให้bplɔ̀i-hâiอคติà-ká-dtìบิดเบือนbìt-bʉʉanสิ่งที่sìng-tîiปรากฏbpraa-gòtตรงหน้าdtrong-nâa
In times of crisis, he adheres to seeing reality as it is, not allowing prejudice to distort what appears before him.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
Why is ธรรม said ทัม?
tam
- Same-sounding letterธ sounds just like ท, so the reading uses ท.Vowel spellingThe double รร is read as a vowel (“a” or “an”), not as two ร.
The tone rules below use the spoken syllables.
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classLow class
- Tone markNo tone mark
- Syllable endingLive syllableEnds in -ม, a sonorant, so it is live.
Low class consonants
คฅฆงชซฌญฑฒณทธนพฟภมยรลวฬฮ
Result
Mid tone
tam
Level, in your normal speaking voice.
Low class + No tone mark + Live syllable → Mid
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |