จรรม
jamMeaning
1NounC2
skin; hide; leather (literary)
A literary term for skin or hide, including animal hide used as leather.
Examples
เมื่อmʉ̂ʉaเมื่อmʉ̂ʉa1when; at the time that2at; in; on (with time expressions)ถอดtɔ̀ɔtถอดtɔ̀ɔt1[to] take off; remove (worn/attached items)2[to] disassemble; take apart3[to] extract; pull out4[to] translate; render; transliterate5[to] decode; decipherเกราะgrɔ̀เกราะgrɔ̀1armor; protective gear2shell; carapace3protection; shield (figurative)ออกɔ̀ɔkออกɔ̀ɔk1[to] go out; exit; leave2out; outward3[in sports] out of bounds4[to] come out; appear; be issued5[to] produce; emit; put out6[to] pay; spend; disburse7[to] quit; resign8[to] issue; publish9successfully; out (indicating comprehension or discovery)นักรบnák-rópนักรบnák-róp1warrior; fighter2fighter (figurative)ก็gɔ̂ก็gɔ̂1also; too2then; so (sequence/result)3conditional marker (if… then…)4well; after all (emphasis/justification)5topic/resumption markerเผยให้เห็นpə̌əi-hâi-hěnเผยให้เห็นpə̌əi-hâi-hěn1[to] reveal; expose; make visible2[to] reveal/indicate (fig.)จรรมjamจรรมjamskin; hide; leather (literary)ที่tîiที่tîi1place; spot; seat; space2at; in; to (a place)3classifier: places; seats; individual servings4that/which/who (relative marker)5when; the time that (time marker)6ordinal markerเต็มไปด้วยdtem-bpai-dûuaiเต็มไปด้วยdtem-bpai-dûuai1[to] be full of; be filled with; be packed with2[to] be rife with; be replete with (figurative)รอยแผลrɔɔi-plɛ̌ɛรอยแผลrɔɔi-plɛ̌ɛwound mark; scarจากjàakจากjàak1from; away from2[to] leave; depart; part from3nipa palmการศึกgaan-sʉ̀kการศึกgaan-sʉ̀kwarfare; hostilities; battle
When the warrior removed his armor, he revealed skin covered with scars from battle.
3 more examplesShow less
ช่างchâangบรรจงban-jongหุ้มhûmโครงkroongโล่lôoด้วยdûuaiจรรมjamที่tîiผ่านpàanการgaanฟอกfɔ̂ɔkจนjonอ่อนนุ่มɔ̀ɔn-nûmแล้วจึงlɛ́ɛo-jʉngประดับbprà-dàpขอบkɔ̀ɔpโล่lôoด้วยdûuaiลวดลายlûuat-laaiอันanวิจิตรwí-jìt
The craftsman carefully covered the shield's frame with hide tanned until supple, then adorned its rim with intricate designs.
แม้mɛ́ɛอักษรàk-sɔ̌ɔnบนbonแผ่นpɛ̀nจรรมjamจะjàเลือนรางlʉʉan-raangไปตามbpai-dtaamกาลเวลาgaan-wee-laaแต่dtɛ̀ɛข้อความkɔ̂ɔ-kwaamที่tîiยังyangอ่านàanได้dâaiก็gɔ̂เผยให้เห็นpə̌əi-hâi-hěnโลกทัศน์lôok-gà-tátของkɔ̌ɔngผู้คนpûu-konในอดีตnai-à-dìit
Although the lettering on the sheet of animal hide has faded over time, the passages that remain legible reveal the worldview of people in the past.
เมื่อmʉ̂ʉaพิจารณาpí-jaa-rá-naaกายgaaiโดยdooiแยบคายyɛ̂ɛp-kaaiจรรมjamที่tîiห่อหุ้มhɔ̀ɔ-hûmกายgaaiอยู่yùuนี้níiก็gɔ̂หาใช่hǎa-châiตัวตนdtuua-dtonอันanเที่ยงแท้tîiang-tɛ́ɛไม่mâiหากhàakเป็นเพียงbpen-piiangส่วนหนึ่งsùuan-nʉ̀ngของkɔ̌ɔngรูปกายrûup-gaaiที่tîiย่อมyɔ̂mเสื่อมสลายsʉ̀ʉam-sà-lǎaiไปตามbpai-dtaamเหตุปัจจัยhèet-bpàt-jai
When the body is contemplated with discernment, the skin that envelops it is not an enduring self, but merely part of a physical form that inevitably decays according to causes and conditions.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
Why is จรรม said จัม?
jam
- Vowel spellingThe double รร is read as a vowel (“a” or “an”), not as two ร.
The tone rules below use the spoken syllables.
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classMid class
- Tone markNo tone mark
- Syllable endingLive syllableEnds in -ม, a sonorant, so it is live.
Mid class consonants
กจฎฏดตบปอ
Result
Mid tone
jam
Level, in your normal speaking voice.
Mid class + No tone mark + Live syllable → Mid
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |
Word Breakdown
จรjɔɔnจรjɔɔn1[to] go; depart (literary)2[to] travel; roam (literary)3wandering; itinerant; nonregular[to] go; depart (literary)Part 1
+
รมromรมrom1[to] fumigate; smoke-treat2fumigation; smoking (process)3[to] chemically darken (metal); patinate[to] fumigate; smoke-treatPart 2
จรรมjamจรรมjamskin; hide; leather (literary)skin; hide; leather (literary)Word