คราบ
krâapMeanings
1NounB1
stain; deposit; residue
a mark or layer left behind by a substance on a surface; stain; deposit; residue.
Examples
เสื้อsʉ̂ʉaเสื้อsʉ̂ʉa1shirt; top2jacket; coat3classifier: ตัวมีmiiมีmii1[to] have; possess2there is/are; exist3[to] experience; undergoคราบkrâapคราบkrâap1stain; deposit; residue2crust; dried film3trace; remnantกาแฟgaa-fɛɛกาแฟgaa-fɛɛcoffee (drink; beans; plant)ฉันchǎnฉันchǎn1I; me2[to] eat (of Buddhist monks and novices)ซักsákซักsák1[to] wash (clothes)2about; approximately (before numbers)3[to] interrogate; question closelyไม่mâiไม่mâi1not (negator)2no (reply)ออกɔ̀ɔkออกɔ̀ɔk1[to] go out; exit; leave2out; outward3[in sports] out of bounds4[to] come out; appear; be issued5[to] produce; emit; put out6[to] pay; spend; disburse7[to] quit; resign8[to] issue; publish9successfully; out (indicating comprehension or discovery)
There is a coffee stain on the shirt; I can’t wash it out.
3 more examplesShow less
He used a stain remover to wipe the table until it was clean.
พื้นห้องครัวpéuun hông kruuaมีmeeคราบน้ำมันkrâap nám manต้องdtôngขัดkàtแรงๆraeng raengถึงจะtĕung jàออกòk
There’s an oil stain on the kitchen floor; you have to scrub hard for it to come off.
รอยrɔɔiคราบkrâapสนิมsà-nǐmบนbonประตูbprà-dtuuบอกว่าbɔ̀ɔk-wâaโลหะloo-hàสัมผัสsǎm-pàtความชื้นkwaam-chʉ́ʉnมานานmaa-naan
The rust stains on the door indicate that the metal has been exposed to moisture for a long time.
2NounB2
crust; dried film
a hardened or dried layer formed by a substance, such as dried mud, food, or bodily fluid.
Examples
หลังlǎngหลังlǎng1back (of body)2rear; back (part)3behind; at the back of4after; later than5CL: bed; bed-like platform6CL: building; house; structureฝนfǒnฝนfǒn1rain2[to] file; grind; honeหยุดyùtหยุดyùt1[to] stop; halt2[to] take time off; be off work or schoolทางtaangทางtaang1way; route; road; path2direction; side3method; means; manner4by; via; through (means or channel)5classifier: roads/routes/ways6in terms of; in the field of7side/party (institutional)ดินdinดินdin1soil; earth; dirt2the ground; land (surface)3clay; earthen material4earth (electrical)มีmiiมีmii1[to] have; possess2there is/are; exist3[to] experience; undergoคราบkrâapคราบkrâap1stain; deposit; residue2crust; dried film3trace; remnantโคลนkloonโคลนkloon1mud2[to] cloneที่tîiที่tîi1place; spot; seat; space2at; in; to (a place)3classifier: places; seats; individual servings4that/which/who (relative marker)5when; the time that (time marker)6ordinal markerแห้งแข็งhɛ̂ɛng-kɛ̌ngแห้งแข็งhɛ̂ɛng-kɛ̌ngdry and hardเกาะgɔ̀เกาะgɔ̀1island2[to] cling; [to] hold on3[to] stick; [to] adhere4[to] come close to shore (of a boat)หนาnǎaหนาnǎa1thick (not thin)2dense; in large quantity3thickly; denselyต้องdtɔ̂ngต้องdtɔ̂ng1must; have to2must; bound toใช้cháiใช้chái1[to] use; employ2[to] spend (money); pay; expend3[to] require; take (time/effort/amount)4[to] tell [sb] to do [sth]; assign; orderน้ำnáamน้ำnáam1water2liquid; fluid3juice; extract4sauce; broth5bodily fluid (in compounds)ฉีดchìitฉีดchìit1[to] inject2[to] spray; squirt; injectล้างออกláang-ɔ̀ɔkล้างออกláang-ɔ̀ɔk[to] wash [sth] off/out; rinse [sth] off
After the rain stopped, the dirt path had a thick layer of dried mud stuck to it, and we had to spray it off with water.
3 more examplesShow less
ขอบkɔ̀ɔpถ้วยtûuaiซุปsúpมีmiiคราบkrâapอาหารaa-hǎanที่tîiแห้งแข็งhɛ̂ɛng-kɛ̌ngติดอยู่dtìt-yùuเพราะprɔ́ล้างláangไม่ทันmâi-tanหลังlǎngมื้อเย็นmʉ́ʉ-yen
The rim of the soup bowl had a layer of dried food stuck to it because it wasn’t washed right after dinner.
เมื่อmʉ̂ʉaเลือดlʉ̂ʉatหยุดyùtไหลlǎiแล้วlɛ́ɛoเลือดlʉ̂ʉatจะjàกลายเป็นglaai-bpenคราบkrâapที่tîiแห้งแข็งhɛ̂ɛng-kɛ̌ngบนbonแผลplɛ̌ɛช่วยให้chûuai-hâiแผลปิดplɛ̌ɛ-bpìtและlɛ́ลดlótความเสี่ยงkwaam-sìiangการติดเชื้อgaan-dtìt-chʉ́ʉa
When the bleeding stops, the blood turns into a hardened crust on the wound, helping it close and reducing the risk of infection.
ตอนเช้าdtɔɔn-cháoแม่mɛ̂ɛกวาดgwàatลานบ้านlaan-bâanเพราะprɔ́มีmiiคราบkrâapดินdinที่tîiแห้งแข็งhɛ̂ɛng-kɛ̌ngจนjonแตกdtɛ̀ɛkเป็นbpenแผ่นหลังpɛ̀n-lǎngน้ำท่วมnáam-tûuamลดlót
In the morning, Mom swept the yard because there were hardened dried layers of soil that had cracked into sheets after the flood receded.
3NounB2
trace; remnant
figurative: a lingering sign or vestige of something previously present.
Examples
หลังlǎngหลังlǎng1back (of body)2rear; back (part)3behind; at the back of4after; later than5CL: bed; bed-like platform6CL: building; house; structureการเปลี่ยนแปลงgaan-bplìian-bplɛɛngการเปลี่ยนแปลงgaan-bplìian-bplɛɛngchange; alterationการเมืองgaan-mʉʉangการเมืองgaan-mʉʉang1politics; political affairs2politicking; power playsยังyangยังyang1still; continuing2not yet (with ไม่)3yet? (question use)4still/even (emphatic degree)มีmiiมีmii1[to] have; possess2there is/are; exist3[to] experience; undergoคราบkrâapคราบkrâap1stain; deposit; residue2crust; dried film3trace; remnantความไม่ไว้วางใจkwaam-mâi-wái-waang-jaiความไม่ไว้วางใจkwaam-mâi-wái-waang-jaidistrust; mistrustหลงเหลืออยู่lǒng-lʉ̌ʉa-yùuหลงเหลืออยู่lǒng-lʉ̌ʉa-yùu[to] remain; [to] be left overในnaiในnai1in; inside; within2during; in (time)3of; belonging to (formal)สังคมsǎng-komสังคมsǎng-kom1social studies (subject)2society; community3social; societal4social circle; social world
After the political change, a residue of distrust still lingered in society.
3 more examplesShow less
แม้mɛ́ɛเรื่องrʉ̂ʉangจะjàจบjòpไปbpaiนานแล้วnaan-lɛ́ɛoแต่dtɛ̀ɛคราบkrâapความโกรธkwaam-gròotยังคงอยู่yang-kong-yùuในใจnai-jaiหลายคนlǎai-kon
Even though the matter ended long ago, traces of anger still remain in many people’s hearts.
องค์กรong-gɔɔnพยายามpá-yaa-yaamลบlópคราบkrâapเรื่องอื้อฉาวrʉ̂ʉang-ʉ̂ʉ-chǎaoด้วยdûuaiการทำงานgaan-tam-ngaanโปร่งใสbpròong-sǎiและlɛ́สื่อสารsʉ̀ʉ-sǎanอย่างสม่ำเสมอyàang-sà-màm-sà-mə̌ə
The organization is trying to erase the vestiges of the scandal through transparent work and consistent communication.
เมืองเก่าmʉʉang-gàoยังคงyang-kongมีmiiคราบkrâapอิทธิพลìt-tí-ponวัฒนธรรมwát-tá-ná-tamโคโลเนียลkoo-loo-niianให้เห็นhâi-hěnตามdtaamสถาปัตยกรรมsà-tǎa-bpàt-dtà-yá-gamและlɛ́ภาษาpaa-sǎa
The old city still bears vestiges of colonial cultural influence in its architecture and language.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classLow classConsonant clusterIn the cluster คร, the first consonant ค sets the class.
- Tone markNo tone mark
- Syllable endingDead syllableLong vowelEnds in -บ, a stop, so it is dead.
Low class consonants
คฅฆงชซฌญฑฒณทธนพฟภมยรลวฬฮ
Result
Falling tone
krâap
Starts high, rises a little, then drops clearly.
Low class + No tone mark + Dead syllable · Long vowel → Falling
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |