อิง
ingMeanings
1VerbA2
[to] lean (on/against)
To rest part of the body on or against something for support.
Examples
เธอtəəเธอtəə1you (informal; familiar)2she; herอิงingอิงing1[to] lean (on/against)2[to] rely on; be based on3[to] adjoin; border on (literary)หัวhǔuaหัวhǔua1head (body part)2top; end; tip3leader; chief; head4mind; mentality; way of thinking5classifier: head-like items; bulbs; heads of nails/pins6header; title; headline7beginning; initial part8[to] laugh (Isan; archaic in standard Thai)กับgàpกับgàp1with; together with2and (informal)3side dish; accompaniment4against; versus5to; toward (recipient/target)6classifier: sets/pairs (spoon and fork)หมอนmɔ̌ɔnหมอนmɔ̌ɔnpillowแล้วlɛ́ɛoแล้วlɛ́ɛo1already; now (as of this point)2then; and then; after that3already; completed-action marker4and; and then (linking clauses)หลับlàpหลับlàp1[to] sleep; [to] fall asleep2asleep (stative)
She rested her head on the pillow and fell asleep.
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My leg hurts; may I rest against the chair back for a moment?
He stood leaning against the wall because he was dizzy.
While waiting for the train, we leaned on each other's shoulders to rest.
2VerbB1
[to] rely on; be based on
To depend on, draw support from, or use as a basis, reference, or framework (e.g., data, policy, precedent).
Examples
นโยบายná-yoo-baaiนโยบายná-yoo-baaipolicy; plan of actionใหม่màiใหม่mài1new; not old2new; different; fresh3again; anew4new; inexperienced (novice)นี้níiนี้níi1this (near speaker)2this one3this; the present (time/topic)อิงingอิงing1[to] lean (on/against)2[to] rely on; be based on3[to] adjoin; border on (literary)ข้อมูลสถิติkɔ̂ɔ-muun-sà-tì-dtìข้อมูลสถิติkɔ̂ɔ-muun-sà-tì-dtìstatistical dataจากjàakจากjàak1from; away from2[to] leave; depart; part from3nipa palmปีที่ผ่านมาbpii-tîi-pàan-maaปีที่ผ่านมาbpii-tîi-pàan-maalast year; the past year
This new policy is based on statistical data from last year.
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แผนธุรกิจpɛ̌ɛn-tú-rá-gìtของเราkɔ̌ɔng-raoอิงingจากjàakผลสำรวจpǒn-sǎm-rùuatลูกค้าlûuk-káaเพื่อให้pʉ̂ʉa-hâiผลิตภัณฑ์pà-lìt-dtà-panตอบโจทย์dtɔ̀ɔp-jòotมากขึ้นmâak-kʉ̂n
Our business plan relies on customer survey results so that the product meets needs better.
คำตัดสินkam-dtàt-sǐnของkɔ̌ɔngศาลsǎanอิงingบรรทัดฐานban-tát-tǎanและlɛ́คำพิพากษาkam-pí-pâak-sǎaก่อนหน้าgɔ̀ɔn-nâaในnaiคดีká-diiที่tîiคล้ายกันkláai-gan
The court’s ruling is based on standards and prior judgments in similar cases.
แบบจำลองbɛ̀ɛp-jam-lɔɔngที่tîiใช้cháiพยากรณ์pá-yaa-gɔɔnเศรษฐกิจsèet-tà-gìtอิงingสมมติฐานsǒm-mót-dtì-tǎanหลักlàkหลายlǎaiข้อkɔ̂ɔและlɛ́ข้อมูลkɔ̂ɔ-muunมหภาคmá-hà-pâakล่าสุดlâa-sùt
The model used to forecast the economy depends on several key assumptions and the latest macroeconomic data.
3VerbC1
[to] adjoin; border on (literary)
To be adjacent to or share a border with something (formal/literary usage).
Examples
หมู่บ้านmùu-bâanหมู่บ้านmùu-bâan1village; hamlet2housing estate; gated communityนี้níiนี้níi1this (near speaker)2this one3this; the present (time/topic)อิงingอิงing1[to] lean (on/against)2[to] rely on; be based on3[to] adjoin; border on (literary)ป่าสงวนbpàa-sà-ngǔuanป่าสงวนbpàa-sà-ngǔuanforest reserve; reserved forestทางtaangทางtaang1way; route; road; path2direction; side3method; means; manner4by; via; through (means or channel)5classifier: roads/routes/ways6side/party (institutional)ทิศเหนือtít-nʉ̌ʉaทิศเหนือtít-nʉ̌ʉanorth; northern directionและlɛ́และlɛ́and (coordinating)ติดdtìtติดdtìt1[to] stick; attach; fasten2[to] be stuck; be attached; adhere3[to] catch; pick up (disease/odor/habit)4addicted to; hooked on; attached to5close to; adjacent; touching; contiguous6owing; indebted; behind on payments7busy; occupied; tied up8[to] catch fire; light; start; come on9[to] follow closely; keep close toแม่น้ำmɛ̂ɛ-náamแม่น้ำmɛ̂ɛ-náamriverทางtaangทางtaang1way; route; road; path2direction; side3method; means; manner4by; via; through (means or channel)5classifier: roads/routes/ways6side/party (institutional)ทิศใต้tít-dtâaiทิศใต้tít-dtâaisouth; southern direction
This village adjoins the national forest to the north and borders the river to the south.
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ที่ดินtîi-dinผืนpʉ̌ʉnดังกล่าวdang-glàaoอิงingแนวเขตnɛɛo-kèetอุทยานùt-tá-yaanทำให้tam-hâiการก่อสร้างgaan-gɔ̀ɔ-sâangต้องdtɔ̂ngปฏิบัติbpà-dtì-bàtตามข้อกำหนดdtaam-kɔ̂ɔ-gam-nòtพิเศษpí-sèet
That plot of land borders the park boundary, requiring construction to follow special regulations.
ชุมชนchum-chonโบราณboo-raanอิงingกำแพงเมืองgam-pɛɛng-mʉʉangด้านdâanตะวันออกdtà-wan-ɔ̀ɔkสื่อsʉ̀ʉให้เห็นhâi-hěnถึงtʉ̌ngการตั้งถิ่นฐานgaan-dtâng-tìn-tǎanที่พึ่งพิงtîi-pʉ̂ng-pingแนวเขตnɛɛo-kèetเพื่อpʉ̂ʉaความมั่นคงkwaam-mân-kong
The ancient community lies adjacent to the eastern city wall, reflecting a settlement that aligned with the boundary for security.
ไร่นาrâi-naaอิงingคันkanกั้นgânน้ำnáamของkɔ̌ɔngรัฐrátตลอดแนวdtà-lɔ̀ɔt-nɛɛoทำให้เกิดtam-hâi-gə̀ətข้อพิพาทkɔ̂ɔ-pí-pâatเรื่องrʉ̂ʉangเส้นแบ่งsên-bɛ̀ngกรรมสิทธิ์gam-má-sìtที่tîiสลับซับซ้อนsà-làp-sáp-sɔ́ɔn
The fields abut the state's levee along the stretch, leading to a complex dispute over boundary lines.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classMid class
- Tone markNo tone mark
- Syllable endingLive syllableEnds in -ง, a sonorant, so it is live.
Mid class consonants
กจฎฏดตบปอ
Result
Mid tone
ing
Level, in your normal speaking voice.
Mid class + No tone mark + Live syllable → Mid
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |