กรำ
gramMeanings
1VerbB2
[to] endure; [to] be exposed to
to endure, bear, or be exposed to hardship, difficult conditions, or severe weather for an extended period
Examples
ชาวนาchaao-naaชาวนาchaao-naarice farmerต้องdtɔ̂ngต้องdtɔ̂ng1must; have to2must; bound toกรำแดดgram-dɛ̀ɛtกรำแดดgram-dɛ̀ɛt[to] be exposed to the sunกรำgramกรำgram1[to] endure; [to] be exposed to2fish trapฝนfǒnฝนfǒn1rain2[to] file; grind; honeทุกวันtúk-wanทุกวันtúk-wan1every day; daily2daily; occurring every dayเพื่อpʉ̂ʉaเพื่อpʉ̂ʉa1for; in order to2for the sake of; on behalf ofปลูกbplùukปลูกbplùuk1[to] plant; grow (plants)2[to] build (a house); erect; set up (structure)3[to] instill; cultivate (values/habits)ข้าวkâaoข้าวkâao1rice (cooked)2rice (grain/uncooked)3meal; food (general)4rice plant; paddyให้hâiให้hâi1[to] give; provide2[to] allow; let; permit3to; for [sb] (recipient)4[to] have [sb] do; cause to5for (benefit of)6so that; in order to7until; to the point that (result)พวกเราpûuak-raoพวกเราpûuak-rao1we; us2our group; our sideกินginกินgin1[to] eat2[to] drink (colloquial/with some nouns)3[to] take medicine (colloquial)4[to] consume; use up5[to] corrode; erode; eat into6[to] take (a bribe); pocket
Farmers have to endure the sun and rain every day to grow rice for us to eat.
3 more examplesShow less
พ่อpɔ̂ɔกรำงานgram-ngaanหนักnàkมาmaaตลอดชีวิตdtà-lɔ̀ɔt-chii-wítเพื่อpʉ̂ʉaส่งเสียsòng-sǐiaให้hâiลูกlûukเรียนriianจนjonจบjòp
Father endured hard work all his life to support his children's education until graduation.
แม้mɛ́ɛจะjàอายุมากaa-yú-mâakแล้วlɛ́ɛoแต่dtɛ̀ɛคุณตาkun-dtaaก็gɔ̂ยังคงyang-kongกรำงานgram-ngaanในnaiสวนsǔuanโดยdooiไม่mâiยอมyɔɔmพักผ่อนpák-pɔ̀ɔn
Even though he is old, grandfather still endures working in the garden without taking a rest.
ทหารtá-hǎanหน่วยnùuaiนี้níiต้องdtɔ̂ngกรำศึกgram-sʉ̀kหนักnàkตามdtaamแนวชายแดนnɛɛo-chaai-dɛɛnมาmaaอย่างยาวนานyàang-yaao-naanจนjonแทบtɛ̂ɛpไม่ได้mâi-dâaiพักผ่อนpák-pɔ̀ɔn
This military unit has endured heavy battles along the border for a long time with barely any rest.
2NounC2
fish trap
a type of traditional fish trap made of a bundle of twigs or branches placed in the water
Examples
ชาวประมงพื้นบ้านchaao-bprà-mong-pʉ́ʉn-bâanชาวประมงพื้นบ้านchaao-bprà-mong-pʉ́ʉn-bâanlocal fisherman; artisanal fishermanนำnamนำnam1[to] bring; take; lead2[to] lead; guideกิ่งไม้gìng-máaiกิ่งไม้gìng-máaitree branchมาmaaมาmaa1[to] come; arrive2[to] come to (a state or situation)3past/as of now aspect markerสุมsǔmสุมsǔm1[to] pile up; heap2[to] add fuel; stoke (a fire)3[to] crowd around; gather densely4[to] add to; fuel (trouble/feeling)ไว้wáiไว้wái1[to] keep; save; store2[to] set aside; reserve3for later; in reserve4[to] leave (something) as is5marks retention or maintenance of a state6[to] wear; sport (hair/moustache/etc.)ในnaiในnai1in; inside; within2during; in (time)3of; belonging to (formal)น้ำnáamน้ำnáam1water2liquid; fluid3juice; extract4sauce; broth5bodily fluid (in compounds)6served with broth7empty words; fillerเพื่อpʉ̂ʉaเพื่อpʉ̂ʉa1for; in order to2for the sake of; on behalf ofทำtamทำtam1[to] do; make2[to] act; behave3[to] cook; prepare food4[to] do; carry out (work)5[to] cause; makeกรำgramกรำgram1[to] endure; [to] be exposed to2fish trapดักdàkดักdàk1[to] set a trap; ambush; lie in wait2[to] intercept; cut off (someone’s path or message)3[to] head off; preempt [sb]/[sth] (colloquial)ปลาbplaaปลาbplaa1fish (animal)2fish (as food)3classifier: ตัว
Local fishermen pile branches in the water to make a 'kram' fish trap.
3 more examplesShow less
ในอดีตnai-à-dìitการปักgaan-bpàkกรำgramตามdtaamริมตลิ่งrim-dtà-lìngเป็นbpenภูมิปัญญาชาวบ้านpuum-bpan-yaa-chaao-bâanในnaiการgaanหลอกล่อlɔ̀ɔk-lɔ̂ɔให้hâiปลาbplaaเข้ามาkâo-maaอยู่อาศัยyùu-aa-sǎiก่อนจะgɔ̀ɔn-jàทอดแหtɔ̂ɔt-hɛ̌ɛจับjàp
In the past, placing a 'kram' along the riverbank was a local wisdom to lure fish into taking shelter before casting a net to catch them.
เมื่อmʉ̂ʉaถึงtʉ̌ngฤดูแล้งrʉ́-duu-lɛ́ɛngและlɛ́น้ำnáamในnaiคลองklɔɔngเริ่มrə̂əmลดระดับlót-rá-dàpลงlongชาวบ้านchaao-bâanจึงjʉngเริ่มrə̂əmนำnamตาข่ายdtaa-kàaiมาmaaล้อมlɔ́ɔmกรำgramเพื่อpʉ̂ʉaจับปลาjàp-bplaaที่ซ่อนตัวtîi-sɔ̂ɔn-dtuuaอยู่yùu
When the dry season arrives and the canal water begins to recede, villagers begin to use nets to surround the 'kram' to catch the hiding fish.
การgaanทำประมงtam-bprà-mongด้วยdûuaiการสุมgaan-sǔmกรำgramสะท้อนให้เห็นถึงsà-tɔ́ɔn-hâi-hěn-tʉ̌ngวิถีชีวิตwí-tǐi-chii-wítดั้งเดิมdâng-dəəmที่tîiพึ่งพาอาศัยpʉ̂ng-paa-aa-sǎiและlɛ́สอดคล้องกับsɔ̀ɔt-klɔ́ɔng-gàpวัฏจักรธรรมชาติwát-dtà-jàk-tam-má-châatของkɔ̌ɔngชุมชนchum-chonลุ่มน้ำlûm-náam
Fishing by piling a 'kram' reflects the traditional lifestyle that depends on and aligns with the natural cycles of river basin communities.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
Why is กรำ said กรัม?
gram
- Vowel spellingThe vowel ำ already ends in an m sound, so it is respelled ัม.
The tone rules below use the spoken syllables.
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classMid classConsonant clusterIn the cluster กร, the first consonant ก sets the class.
- Tone markNo tone mark
- Syllable endingLive syllableThe vowel ำ hides a final -ม, so it is live.
Mid class consonants
กจฎฏดตบปอ
Result
Mid tone
gram
Level, in your normal speaking voice.
Mid class + No tone mark + Live syllable → Mid
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |