ขื่นขม
kʉ̀ʉn-kǒmMeanings
1AdjectiveB1
bitter (taste); astringent
having a strong, unpleasantly bitter or astringent taste.
Examples
ยาหม้อyaa-mɔ̂ɔยาหม้อyaa-mɔ̂ɔ1herbal decoction (boiled medicine)2set/batch of herbs for decoctionนี้níiนี้níi1this (near speaker)2this one3this; the present (time/topic)มีmiiมีmii1[to] have; possess2there is/are; exist3[to] experience; undergoรสrótรสrót1taste; flavor2style; tone; flavor (figurative)ขื่นขมkʉ̀ʉn-kǒmขื่นขมkʉ̀ʉn-kǒm1bitter (taste); astringent2bitter (emotionally); sorrowfulมากmâakมากmâak1very; extremely2much; a lot; greatly3many; numerousแต่dtɛ̀ɛแต่dtɛ̀ɛ1but; however (contrast)2only; just (restriction)3from; since (starting point)ต้องdtɔ̂ngต้องdtɔ̂ng1must; have to2must; bound toกินginกินgin1[to] eat2[to] drink (colloquial/with some nouns)3[to] take medicine (colloquial)4[to] consume; use up5[to] corrode; erode; eat into6[to] take (a bribe); pocketให้หมดhâi-mòtให้หมดhâi-mòtall of it; completely
This pot of traditional medicine tastes very bitter, but I have to finish it.
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มะmáระráเป็นbpenผักpàkที่tîiมีmiiรสrótขื่นขมkʉ̀ʉn-kǒmแต่dtɛ̀ɛหลายคนlǎai-konก็gɔ̂ชอบchɔ̂ɔpกินginเพราะprɔ́มีประโยชน์mii-bprà-yòot
Bitter gourd is a vegetable with a bitter taste, but many people like to eat it because it's beneficial.
This cup of coffee was brewed too strong, leaving a bitter, astringent taste on the tongue.
ไวน์แดงwai daengบางชนิดbaang chá-nítอาจàatมีรสฝาดmee rót fàatและláeขื่นขมkèun kŏmเล็กน้อยlék nóiในnaiช่วงแรกchûuang râekซึ่งsêungเป็นbpenลักษณะเฉพาะตัวlák-sà-nà jà-pór dtuuaของมันkŏng man
Some red wines can have a slightly astringent and bitter taste initially, which is part of their character.
2AdjectiveB2
bitter (emotionally); sorrowful
feeling or causing a deep, painful sadness or sorrow; emotionally bitter.
Examples
เธอtəəเธอtəə1you (informal; familiar)2she; herต้องdtɔ̂ngต้องdtɔ̂ng1must; have to2must; bound toผ่านpàanผ่านpàan1[to] pass (by/through)2[to] pass (succeed/clear)3[to] experience; go through4past; via; throughชีวิตchii-wítชีวิตchii-wít1life (state of being alive)2life (one’s life; way of living)3lifetime; lifespanที่tîiที่tîi1place; spot; seat; space2at; in; to (a place)3classifier: places; seats; individual servings4that/which/who (relative marker)5when; the time that (time marker)6ordinal markerขื่นขมkʉ̀ʉn-kǒmขื่นขมkʉ̀ʉn-kǒm1bitter (taste); astringent2bitter (emotionally); sorrowfulมาmaaมาmaa1[to] come; arrive2[to] come to (a state or situation)3past/as of now aspect markerมากมายmâak-maaiมากมายmâak-maai1many; numerous; abundant2a great deal; very muchกว่าจะgwàa-jàกว่าจะgwàa-jànot until; by the time (introducing a clause)ประสบความสำเร็จbprà-sòp-kwaam-sǎm-rètประสบความสำเร็จbprà-sòp-kwaam-sǎm-rèt[to] succeed; achieve successในnaiในnai1in; inside; within2during; in (time)3of; belonging to (formal)วันนี้wan-níiวันนี้wan-níi1today (time of speech)2today; this day3nowadays; at present
She had to go through a lot of bitter experiences before achieving success today.
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ความทรงจำkwaam-song-jamในnaiวัยเด็กwai-dèkของเขาkɔ̌ɔng-kǎoเต็มไปด้วยdtem-bpai-dûuaiเรื่องราวrʉ̂ʉang-raaoที่tîiน่าnâaขื่นขมkʉ̀ʉn-kǒm
His childhood memories are filled with deeply sorrowful stories.
หลังจากlăng jàakถูกtòokเพื่อนสนิทpêuuan sà-nìtหักหลังhàk lăngเขาkăoก็gâwรู้สึกrúu-sèukขื่นขมkèun kŏmในใจnai jaiและláeไม่mâiไว้ใจwái jaiใครkraiง่ายๆngâai ngâaiอีกเลยèek loei
After being betrayed by his best friend, he felt an emotional bitterness and never easily trusted anyone again.
แม้mɛ́ɛจะjàพยายามpá-yaa-yaamยิ้มyímแต่dtɛ̀ɛแววตาwɛɛo-dtaaของkɔ̌ɔngเธอtəəกลับglàpฉายchǎaiความkwaamขื่นขมkʉ̀ʉn-kǒmที่tîiเก็บซ่อนgèp-sɔ̂ɔnไว้wáiจากjàakความผิดหวังkwaam-pìt-wǎngในnaiความรักkwaam-rákครั้งแล้วครั้งเล่าkráng-lɛ́ɛo-kráng-lâo
Although she tried to smile, her eyes revealed a hidden bitterness from repeated disappointments in love.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
2 syllables · pick one to see its rule
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classHigh class
- Tone markMai ek
- Syllable endingLive syllableNot needed here: the tone mark decides.
High class consonants
ขฃฉฐถผฝศษสห
Result
Low tone
kʉ̀ʉn
Starts low and stays low, easing slightly down.
High class + Mai ek → Low
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |
Word Breakdown
ขื่นkʉ̀ʉnขื่นkʉ̀ʉn1bitter; astringent; acrid (taste)2bitter; painful; resentful (emotion)bitter; astringent; acrid (taste)Part 1
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ขื่นขมkʉ̀ʉn-kǒmขื่นขมkʉ̀ʉn-kǒmbitter (taste); astringentbitter (taste); astringentWord