ขื่น
kʉ̀ʉnMeanings
1AdjectiveB1
bitter; astringent; acrid (taste)
having a harsh, bitter, astringent, or acrid taste that leaves a puckering or unpleasant aftertaste
Examples
น้ำชาnáam-chaaน้ำชาnáam-chaatea (beverage)ที่tîiที่tîi1place; spot; seat; space2at; in; to (a place)3classifier: places; seats; individual servings4that/which/who (relative marker)5when; the time that (time marker)6ordinal markerชงchongชงchong1[to] brew; make (tea/coffee/instant drinks)2[to] mix; prepare (a drink)3[to] set up a pairing; ship (slang)4[to] submit/present (a proposal/topic) (bureaucratic slang)เข้มkêmเข้มkêm1strong; intense (taste/smell)2deep; rich (color)3strong (coffee/tea/medicine)4strict; rigorous5serious; stern (manner/face)ไปbpaiไปbpai1[to] go2away; off (directional complement/particle)3on; onward; continuously (aspect marker)4(aspect) completed; already past5too; excessivelyทำให้tam-hâiทำให้tam-hâi1[to] make; cause [sb/sth] to [do/be sth]; render2[to] do/make [sth] for [sb]รสrótรสrót1taste; flavor2style; tone; flavor (figurative)ขื่นkʉ̀ʉnขื่นkʉ̀ʉn1bitter; astringent; acrid (taste)2bitter; painful; resentful (emotion)ติดdtìtติดdtìt1[to] stick; attach; fasten2[to] be stuck; be attached; adhere3[to] catch; pick up (disease/odor/habit)4addicted to; hooked on; attached to5close to; adjacent; touching; contiguous6owing; indebted; behind on payments7busy; occupied; tied up8[to] catch fire; light; start; come on9[to] follow closely; keep close toปลายลิ้นbplaai-línปลายลิ้นbplaai-líntip of the tongue (anatomy/phonetics)
The overly strong tea left a harsh, astringent taste on the tongue.
3 more examplesShow less
This herb has an acrid taste; you need to add honey to balance it.
กาแฟgaa-fɛɛที่tîiคั่วkûuaนานเกินไปnaan-gəən-bpaiมักจะmák-jàขื่นkʉ̀ʉnและlɛ́ทิ้งtíngรสฝาดrót-fàatหลังlǎngกลืนglʉʉn
Over-roasted coffee often tastes harsh and leaves an astringent aftertaste.
ผักสดpàk-sòtบางชนิดbaang-chá-nítถ้าtâaไม่ได้mâi-dâaiลวกlûuakก่อนจะgɔ̀ɔn-jàขื่นkʉ̀ʉnจนjonกินยากgin-yâak
Some fresh vegetables, if not blanched first, are so astringent that they’re hard to eat.
2AdjectiveB2
bitter; painful; resentful (emotion)
feeling emotionally bitter, pained, or resentful; marked by a hurt, sour mood
Examples
เขาkǎoเขาkǎo1he; him2she; her3they; them (context-dependent)4horn5mountain; hillยิ้มyímยิ้มyím1[to] smile2smileขื่นkʉ̀ʉnขื่นkʉ̀ʉn1bitter; astringent; acrid (taste)2bitter; painful; resentful (emotion)เมื่อmʉ̂ʉaเมื่อmʉ̂ʉa1when; at the time that2at; in; on (with time expressions)พูดถึงpûut-tʉ̌ngพูดถึงpûut-tʉ̌ng1talk about; mention; bring up2speaking of ...; regarding ...ความผิดหวังkwaam-pìt-wǎngความผิดหวังkwaam-pìt-wǎng1disappointment (feeling)2a disappointment; letdown (thing/event)ในnaiในnai1in; inside; within2during; in (time)3of; belonging to (formal)งานngaanงานngaan1work; job; employment2task; assignment; duty3event; fair; function4work (product); creation5unit (classifier) for events6work (physics)ที่ผ่านมาtîi-pàan-maaที่ผ่านมาtîi-pàan-maa1past; previous; last (time already passed)2previously; earlier; so far (context-dependent)
He gave a bitter smile when talking about the disappointment at the previous job.
3 more examplesShow less
I feel bitter every time I think of those words.
เธอterหัวเราะhŭua róอย่างyàangขื่นkèunๆ-เพื่อpêuuaกลบglòpความเจ็บปวดkwaam jèp bpùuatที่têeยังyangค้างอยู่káang yòoในใจnai jai
She let out a bitter laugh to mask the lingering pain in her heart.
บรรยากาศban-yaa-gàatในบ้านnai-bâanยังyangขื่นkʉ̀ʉnหลังจากlǎng-jàakทะเลาะกันtá-lɔ́-ganครั้งใหญ่kráng-yàiเมื่อคืนmʉ̂ʉa-kʉʉn
The atmosphere at home is still sour and pained after last night's big argument.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classHigh class
- Tone markMai ek
- Syllable endingLive syllableNot needed here: the tone mark decides.
High class consonants
ขฃฉฐถผฝศษสห
Result
Low tone
kʉ̀ʉn
Starts low and stays low, easing slightly down.
High class + Mai ek → Low
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |