ขม
kǒmMeanings
1AdjectiveA2
bitter (taste)
having a strong, sharp, unpleasant taste like quinine or black coffee
Examples
กาแฟgaa-fɛɛกาแฟgaa-fɛɛcoffee (drink; beans; plant)แก้วgɛ̂ɛoแก้วgɛ̂ɛo1drinking glass2glass (material)3classifier: glasses of drink4crystal; precious gemนี้níiนี้níi1this (near speaker)2this one3this; the present (time/topic)ขมkǒmขมkǒm1bitter (taste)2bitter; painful (emotion)มากmâakมากmâak1very; extremely2much; a lot; greatly3many; numerousเพราะprɔ́เพราะprɔ́1because2because of; due to3melodious; pleasant-soundingฉันchǎnฉันchǎn1I; me2[to] eat (of Buddhist monks and novices)ไม่ใส่น้ำตาลmâi-sài-nám-dtaanไม่ใส่น้ำตาลmâi-sài-nám-dtaanno sugar; unsweetened
This cup of coffee is very bitter because I didn’t add sugar.
3 more examplesShow less
เมื่อวานmʉ̂ʉa-waanฉันchǎnลองlɔɔngยาสมุนไพรyaa-sà-mǔn-praiรสชาติrót-châatมันmanขมkǒmจนjonหน้าเบี้ยวnâa-bîiao
Yesterday I tried an herbal medicine; it tasted so bitter my face twisted.
พรุ่งนี้prûng-níiอย่าyàaสั่งsàngโกโก้goo-gôoเข้มkêmของkɔ̌ɔngร้านนี้ráan-níiเลยləəiมันmanขมkǒmเกินไปgəən-bpaiสำหรับsǎm-ràpเราrao
Tomorrow let’s not order this shop’s dark cocoa; it’s too bitter for us.
เขาkǎoชอบchɔ̂ɔpเอสเปรสโซช็อตèet-bprèet-soo-chɔ́tที่tîiขมkǒmจัดjàtเพราะprɔ́บอกว่าbɔ̀ɔk-wâaกลิ่นหอมglìn-hɔ̌ɔmชัดchátและlɛ́ตื่นdtʉ̀ʉnดีdii
He likes an intensely bitter espresso shot, saying the aroma is vivid and it wakes him up well.
2AdjectiveB2
bitter; painful (emotion)
causing or showing harsh, painful feeling; emotionally bitter
Examples
เธอtəəเธอtəə1you (informal; familiar)2she; herยิ้มyímยิ้มyím1[to] smile2smileก็จริงgɔ̂-jingก็จริงgɔ̂-jingthat is true; admittedlyแต่dtɛ̀ɛแต่dtɛ̀ɛ1but; however (contrast)2only; just (restriction)3from; since (starting point)ในใจnai-jaiในใจnai-jaiinwardly; to oneselfยังyangยังyang1still; continuing2not yet (with ไม่)3yet? (question use)4still/even (emphatic degree)ขมkǒmขมkǒm1bitter (taste)2bitter; painful (emotion)กับgàpกับgàp1with; together with2and (informal)3side dish; accompaniment4against; versus5to; toward (recipient/target)6classifier: sets/pairs (spoon and fork)เรื่องrʉ̂ʉangเรื่องrʉ̂ʉang1matter; issue; subject2story; tale3classifier for stories/films/cases4about; regarding (as a topic marker)ที่ผ่านมาtîi-pàan-maaที่ผ่านมาtîi-pàan-maa1past; previous; last (time already passed)2previously; earlier; so far (context-dependent)
She did smile, but inside she was still bitter about what happened.
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หลังจากlǎng-jàakถูกtùukหักหลังhàk-lǎngความทรงจำkwaam-song-jamระหว่างrá-wàangเราraoก็gɔ̂กลายเป็นglaai-bpenความขมขื่นkwaam-kǒm-kʉ̀ʉnที่tîiยากyâakจะjàลืมlʉʉm
After being betrayed, the memories between us became a bitterness that is hard to forget.
แม้mɛ́ɛเวลาwee-laaจะjàผ่านไปpàan-bpaiนานnaanเธอtəəยังyangพูดด้วยpûut-dûuaiน้ำเสียงnáam-sǐiangขมkǒmเหมือนmʉ̌ʉanแผลใจplɛ̌ɛ-jaiไม่เคยmâi-kəəiสมานsà-mǎan
Even after a long time, she still speaks with a bitter tone as if the wound in her heart never healed.
His words were so bitter that my eyes filled with tears.
เธอtəəยังyangมีmiiความทรงจำkwaam-song-jamที่tîiขมขื่นkǒm-kʉ̀ʉnจากjàakการทะเลาะgaan-tá-lɔ́ครั้งkrángนั้นnán
She still has bitter memories from that argument.
ชัยชนะchai-chá-náครั้งนี้kráng-níiกลับglàpขมkǒmสำหรับsǎm-ràpเธอtəəเพราะprɔ́ต้องdtɔ̂ngแลกlɛ̂ɛkด้วยdûuaiมิตรภาพmít-dtrà-pâapที่tîiพังทลายpang-tá-laai
This victory turned out bitter for her, because it cost her a broken friendship.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classHigh class
- Tone markNo tone mark
- Syllable endingLive syllableEnds in -ม, a sonorant, so it is live.
High class consonants
ขฃฉฐถผฝศษสห
Result
Rising tone
kǒm
Dips low first, then rises clearly.
High class + No tone mark + Live syllable → Rising
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |