กังขา
gang-kǎaMeanings
1NounC1
doubt; skepticism (formal/literary)
A formal or literary term for doubt, suspicion, or skeptical uncertainty.
Examples
ประชาชนbprà-chaa-chonประชาชนbprà-chaa-chon1classifier: คน2the public; the people (citizens of a country)ยังคงyang-kongยังคงyang-kongstill; [to] remain; [to] continue to be/have/doมีmiiมีmii1[to] have; possess2there is/are; exist3[to] experience; undergoกังขาgang-kǎaกังขาgang-kǎa1doubt; skepticism (formal/literary)2[to] doubt; be skeptical (formal/literary)ต่อdtɔ̀ɔต่อdtɔ̀ɔ1[to] continue; go on2per; each (rate/unit)3[to] connect; attach; join4[to] bargain; haggle5to; toward (target of an action or attitude)6[to] renew; extendความโปร่งใสkwaam-bpròong-sǎiความโปร่งใสkwaam-bpròong-sǎi1optical transparency (see‑through quality)2transparency; openness (governance/behavior)ของkɔ̌ɔngของkɔ̌ɔng1of; belonging to2thing; item; stuff3property; goodsโครงการkroong-gaanโครงการkroong-gaan1project; scheme2plan; proposalนี้níiนี้níi1this (near speaker)2this one3this; the present (time/topic)
The public still has doubts about the transparency of this project.
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รายงานraai-ngaanดังกล่าวdang-glàaoก่อให้เกิดgɔ̀ɔ-hâi-gə̀ətความkwaamกังขาgang-kǎaในnaiวงwongวิชาการwí-chaa-gaanเกี่ยวกับgìiao-gàpวิธีwí-tiiการวิจัยgaan-wí-jai
The report gave rise to doubt in academic circles regarding the research methods.
แม้mɛ́ɛผู้pûuแถลงtà-lɛ̌ɛngจะjàชี้แจงchíi-jɛɛngโดยละเอียดdooi-lá-ìiatแต่dtɛ̀ɛความkwaamกังขาgang-kǎaก็gɔ̂ยังyangดำรงอยู่dam-rong-yùuในหมู่nai-mùuผู้สังเกตการณ์pûu-sǎng-gèet-gaan
Even though the spokesperson gave a detailed explanation, skepticism still persists among observers.
คำพิพากษาkam-pí-pâak-sǎaนั้นnánมิได้mí-dâaiขจัดkà-jàtกังขาgang-kǎaทั้งปวงtáng-bpuuangหากแต่hàak-dtɛ̀ɛเปิดbpə̀ətพื้นที่pʉ́ʉn-tîiให้เกิดhâi-gə̀ətข้อสงสัยkɔ̂ɔ-sǒng-sǎiเชิงchəəngหลักการlàk-gaanมากmâakยิ่งขึ้นyîng-kʉ̂n
That verdict did not dispel all doubts; rather, it created room for deeper principled skepticism.
2VerbC1
[to] doubt; be skeptical (formal/literary)
To harbor doubt or be skeptical about [sth]; a formal or literary usage.
Examples
ผมpǒmผมpǒm1I; me (male speaker, polite)2hair (on the head)ยังyangยังyang1still; continuing2not yet (with ไม่)3yet? (question use)4still/even (emphatic degree)5to; towardกังขาgang-kǎaกังขาgang-kǎa1doubt; skepticism (formal/literary)2[to] doubt; be skeptical (formal/literary)ว่าwâaว่าwâa1[to] say; tell2that (clause marker)3[to] think; consider; deem4[to] scold; reproach; criticizeข้อมูลkɔ̂ɔ-muunข้อมูลkɔ̂ɔ-muun1information; data (non-count)2data (computing)ที่tîiที่tîi1place; spot; seat; space2at; in; to (a place)3classifier: places; seats; individual servings4that/which/who (relative marker)5when; the time that (time marker)6ordinal markerเขาkǎoเขาkǎo1he; him2she; her3they; them (context-dependent)4horn5mountain; hillนำเสนอnam-sà-nə̌əนำเสนอnam-sà-nə̌ə1[to] present [sth]2[to] propose; put forward [sth]3[to] submit [sth]เชื่อถือได้chʉ̂ʉa-tʉ̌ʉ-dâaiเชื่อถือได้chʉ̂ʉa-tʉ̌ʉ-dâai1reliable; trustworthy; dependable2credible; believableเพียงใดpiiang-daiเพียงใดpiiang-dai1to what extent; how much; how far2however much; no matter how
I still harbor doubts about how reliable the information he presented is.
3 more examplesShow less
แม้mɛ́ɛมีmiiหลักฐานlàk-tǎanใหม่màiผู้เชี่ยวชาญpûu-chîiao-chaanบางbaangท่านtânยังคงyang-kongกังขาgang-kǎaข้อสรุปkɔ̂ɔ-sà-rùpดังกล่าวdang-glàao
Even with new evidence, some experts remain skeptical of that conclusion.
คณะká-náกรรมการกังขาgam-má-gaan-gang-kǎaแรงจูงใจrɛɛng-juung-jaiของkɔ̌ɔngโครงการkroong-gaanนี้níiจึงjʉngขอkɔ̌ɔรายละเอียดraai-lá-ìiatเพิ่มเติมpə̂əm-dtəəmก่อนgɔ̀ɔnอนุมัติà-nú-mát
The committee is skeptical about the motivations of this project, so they requested more details before approving it.
สังคมsǎng-komเริ่มrə̂əmกังขาgang-kǎaความโปร่งใสkwaam-bpròong-sǎiของkɔ̌ɔngนโยบายná-yoo-baaiจนjonเกิดgə̀ətข้อเรียกร้องkɔ̂ɔ-rîiak-rɔ́ɔngให้hâiเปิดเผยbpə̀ət-pə̌əiข้อมูลเชิงลึกkɔ̂ɔ-muun-chəəng-lʉ́k
Society has begun to be skeptical about the transparency of the policy, leading to calls for disclosure of in-depth information.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
2 syllables · pick one to see its rule
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classMid class
- Tone markNo tone mark
- Syllable endingLive syllableEnds in -ง, a sonorant, so it is live.
Mid class consonants
กจฎฏดตบปอ
Result
Mid tone
gang
Level, in your normal speaking voice.
Mid class + No tone mark + Live syllable → Mid
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |
Word Breakdown
+
ขาkǎaขาkǎa1leg (body part)2leg/foot (of furniture or object)3polite calling or answering particle (female speech)4classifier: legs (of animals/objects)5enthusiast; regular; participantleg (body part)Part 2
กังขาgang-kǎaกังขาgang-kǎadoubt; skepticism (formal/literary)doubt; skepticism (formal/literary)Word