สัน
sǎnMeanings
1NounB1
ridge; crest
A raised narrow top or line, such as a mountain ridge, roof ridge, or the raised seam/line on a surface.
Examples
เราraoเราrao1we; us2I; me (informal/regional)เดินตามdəən-dtaamเดินตามdəən-dtaam[to] follow [sb/sth] on footสันเขาsǎn-kǎoสันเขาsǎn-kǎoridge; ridgelineไปดูbpai-duuไปดูbpai-duu[to] go (and) see; [to] go take a look; [to] go watchพระอาทิตย์ขึ้นprá-aa-tít-kʉ̂nพระอาทิตย์ขึ้นprá-aa-tít-kʉ̂n1sunrise; sunup2[to] rise (of the sun)
We walked along the ridge to watch the sunrise.
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ช่างchângปีนbpiinไปbpaiบนbonสันหลังคาsǎn-lǎng-kaaเพื่อpʉ̂ʉaซ่อมsɔ̂mกระเบื้องgrà-bʉ̂ʉangที่tîiแตกdtɛ̀ɛk
The worker climbed onto the roof ridge to fix the broken tiles.
สันsǎnดินdinที่tîiยกตัวyók-dtuuaขึ้นkʉ̂nกลางglaangนาnaaใช้cháiเป็นbpenทางเดินtaang-dəənในnaiฤดูฝนrʉ́-duu-fǒn
The raised earth ridge in the middle of the field is used as a walkway during the rainy season.
ช่างปูนchâng-bpuunลากlâakเกรียงgriiangจนjonเกิดgə̀ətสันsǎnเรียบrîiapยาวyaaoตามdtaamแนวnɛɛoผนังpà-nǎngเพื่อpʉ̂ʉaกำหนดgam-nòtระดับrá-dàp
The plasterer drew the trowel to create a long, smooth raised line along the wall to set the level.
2NounB1
spine; back/edge (book, knife, etc.)
The spine of a book or the back/edge of an object (e.g., the unsharpened back of a knife).
Examples
เขียนkǐianเขียนkǐian1[to] write2[to] draw; sketch3[to] fill out; write in4[to] compose; author5[to] write (data); burn (a disc)ชื่อchʉ̂ʉชื่อchʉ̂ʉ1name2[to] be named; be called3reputation; renownหนังสือnǎng-sʉ̌ʉหนังสือnǎng-sʉ̌ʉ1book (printed work)2document; letterไว้wáiไว้wái1[to] keep; save; store2[to] set aside; reserve3for later; in reserve4[to] leave (something) as is5marks retention or maintenance of a state6[to] wear; sport (hair/moustache/etc.)ที่tîiที่tîi1place; spot; seat; space2at; in; to (a place)3classifier: places; seats; individual servings4that/which/who (relative marker)5when; the time that (time marker)6ordinal markerสันsǎnสันsǎn1ridge; crest2spine; back/edge (book, knife, etc.)3loin; back cut (meat)จะได้jà-dâaiจะได้jà-dâai1so that; in order that; that way2will be able to; get to; come to3then; so (result in instructions/explanations)หยิบyìpหยิบyìp1[to] pick up; take (with fingers)2[to] select; choose (a small item)3a pinch (measure)ง่ายngâaiง่ายngâai1easy; simple2easily; readily
Write the book’s title on the spine so it’s easy to pick out.
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This side of the knife, the spine, is dull and safe to hold.
ห้องสมุดhɔ̂ng-sà-mùtจัดjàtหนังสือnǎng-sʉ̌ʉตามdtaamสีsǐiที่tîiสันsǎnเพื่อให้pʉ̂ʉa-hâiหาง่ายhǎa-ngâaiขึ้นkʉ̂n
The library arranges books by the color on the spines to make them easier to find.
ถ้าtâaกาวgaaoที่tîiสันsǎnหนังสือnǎng-sʉ̌ʉเสื่อมsʉ̀ʉamเราraoควรkuuanเย็บyépซ่อมsɔ̂mเพื่อpʉ̂ʉaยืดyʉ̂ʉtอายุการใช้งานaa-yú-gaan-chái-ngaan
If the glue on a book’s spine deteriorates, we should re-sew it to extend its lifespan.
3NounB2
loin; back cut (meat)
A meat cut from the back/loin area (e.g., สันนอก, สันในสันในsǎn-nai1tenderloin (pork/beef)2chicken tenderloin (inner fillet)).
Examples
เชฟchéepเชฟchéepchef; professional cookเลือกใช้lʉ̂ʉak-cháiเลือกใช้lʉ̂ʉak-chái[to] choose to use; opt to employ; adoptเนื้อสันnʉ́ʉa-sǎnเนื้อสันnʉ́ʉa-sǎnloin (meat); loin cutนอกnɔ̂ɔkนอกnɔ̂ɔk1outside; outer; external2outside; outdoors3except; other than4foreign; external; outsideย่างyâangย่างyâang1[to] grill; roast over direct heat2[to] step; stride; pace; approach (age/time)3step; pace (walking)เพราะprɔ́เพราะprɔ́1because2because of; due to3melodious; pleasant-soundingนุ่มnûmนุ่มnûm1soft (to the touch)2tender (food)3soft/gentle (voice/tone)และlɛ́และlɛ́and (coordinating)มีmiiมีmii1[to] have; possess2there is/are; exist3[to] experience; undergoไขมันkǎi-manไขมันkǎi-man1fat; lipid (nutrient)2body fat; adipose tissue3grease; rendered fat (culinary)พอดีpɔɔ-diiพอดีpɔɔ-dii1just right; exactly suitable2exactly; just (in time/amount)3just enough4happen to; by chance5[to] fit exactly; be just right
The chef chose grilled sirloin because it’s tender with just the right amount of fat.
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If you want a very tender steak, they recommend using tenderloin.
ร้านนี้ráan néeมีmeeโปรโมชันbpro-mo-chánสันsănนอกnôkออสเตรเลียót-dtree-liiaหั่นhànหนาnăaเหมาะกับmòr gàpการย่างgaan yâangระดับrá-dàpมีเดียมแรร์mee-dîiam rae
This restaurant has a promotion on thick-cut Australian sirloin, ideal for medium-rare grilling.
แม่ค้าmɛ̂ɛ-káaบอกว่าbɔ̀ɔk-wâaส่วนsùuanสันในsǎn-naiเหมาะmɔ̀ทำtamสเต๊กsà-dtéekส่วนsùuanสันsǎnนอกnɔ̂ɔkเหมาะmɔ̀ทำtamยากินิกุyaa-gì-ní-gùเพราะprɔ́มีmiiชั้นchánไขมันkǎi-man
The vendor said tenderloin is good for steak, while sirloin suits yakiniku because of its fat marbling.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classHigh class
- Tone markNo tone mark
- Syllable endingLive syllableEnds in -น, a sonorant, so it is live.
High class consonants
ขฃฉฐถผฝศษสห
Result
Rising tone
sǎn
Dips low first, then rises clearly.
High class + No tone mark + Live syllable → Rising
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |