หงำ
ngǎmMeaning
1AdverbC2
very; extremely (especially of old age)
to a very great degree, especially in แก่หงำ, meaning extremely old or decrepit
Examples
เขาkǎoเขาkǎo1he; him2she; her3they; them (context-dependent)4horn5mountain; hillบอกว่าbɔ̀ɔk-wâaบอกว่าbɔ̀ɔk-wâa1[to] say/tell that; report/declare that2[of text/sign] say/indicate thatจะjàจะjà1will; shall (future/intention marker)2about to; going to (near future, often w/ กำลังจะ)3will; would (in conditional results)เที่ยวtîiaoเที่ยวtîiao1[to] go out; hang out; travel for leisure; go clubbing2time; round (classifier)3[to] make the rounds; visit around4trip; journey; runให้hâiให้hâi1[to] give; provide2[to] allow; let; permit3to; for [sb] (recipient)4[to] have [sb] do; cause to5for (benefit of)6so that; in order to7until; to the point that (result)เต็มที่dtem-tîiเต็มที่dtem-tîi1to the fullest; fully2maximum; full (capacity/extent)3at most; at the maximumตอนที่dtɔɔn-tîiตอนที่dtɔɔn-tîi1when; at the time that2episode/part (numbered label)ยังมีแรงyang-mii-rɛɛngยังมีแรงyang-mii-rɛɛng[to] still have strengthไม่mâiไม่mâi1not (negator)2no (reply)อยากyàakอยากyàak1[to] want; desire2to crave; to long forรอrɔɔรอrɔɔ1[to] wait2[to] wait for; awaitจนjonจนjon1poor2until; up to3so ... that; to the point ofแก่gɛ̀ɛแก่gɛ̀ɛ1old (age)2to; toward (recipient/affected party)3dark (color); strong (drink)4mature; fully grown; old (plant parts or produce)5for; with regard toหงำngǎmหงำngǎmvery; extremely (especially of old age)แล้วlɛ́ɛoแล้วlɛ́ɛo1already; now (as of this point)2then; and then; after that3already; completed-action marker4and; and then (linking clauses)เดินdəənเดินdəən1[to] walk; go on foot2[to] proceed; go; move along3[to] run; operate (machine/system)4[to] run; operate; keep runningไม่ไหวmâi-wǎiไม่ไหวmâi-wǎi[to] be unable (to [do sth]); cannot
He said he would travel as much as he could while he still had the energy, rather than wait until he was too old and frail to walk.
3 more examplesShow less
แม้mɛ́ɛจะjàแก่gɛ̀ɛหงำngǎmจนjonต้องมีdtɔ̂ng-miiคนkonประคองbprà-kɔɔngเวลาwee-laaเดินdəənแต่dtɛ̀ɛความทรงจำkwaam-song-jamของkɔ̌ɔngยายyaaiเกี่ยวกับgìiao-gàpบ้านเกิดbâan-gə̀ətยังyangแจ่มชัดjɛ̀m-chátราวกับraao-gàpเพิ่งpə̂ngจากมาjàak-maaเมื่อวานmʉ̂ʉa-waan
Although Grandma is so old and frail that she needs support to walk, her memories of her hometown remain as vivid as if she had left yesterday.
พ่อpɔ̂ɔมักพูดmák-pûutติดตลกdtìt-dtà-lòkว่าwâaต่อให้dtɔ̀ɔ-hâiแก่gɛ̀ɛหงำngǎmจนjonเคี้ยวkíiaoอะไรà-raiไม่ไหวmâi-wǎiก็gɔ̂อย่าyàaหวังว่าwǎng-wâaจะjàยอมyɔɔmเลิกlə̂əkบ่นbònเรื่องrʉ̂ʉangฝีมือfǐi-mʉʉทำกับข้าวtam-gàp-kâaoของkɔ̌ɔngแม่mɛ̂ɛ
Dad often jokes that even when he is so old and decrepit that he can no longer chew, we should not expect him to stop complaining about Mom’s cooking.
ถึงจะtʉ̌ng-jàแก่gɛ̀ɛหงำngǎmจนjonใครkraiมองว่าmɔɔng-wâaเป็นbpenไม้máaiใกล้glâiฝั่งfàngตาdtaaก็gɔ̂ยังyangไม่ยอมให้mâi-yɔɔm-hâiลูกหลานlûuk-lǎanมาmaaขีดเส้นkìit-sênว่าwâaชีวิตchii-wítที่เหลือtîi-lʉ̌ʉaควรkuuanเป็นอย่างไรbpen-yàang-rai
Though Grandpa is so ancient and frail that everyone thinks his days are numbered, he still refuses to let his children and grandchildren dictate how he should live the rest of his life.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classHigh classLeading หA silent ห before ง puts this syllable in high class.
- Tone markNo tone mark
- Syllable endingLive syllableThe vowel ำ hides a final -ม, so it is live.
High class consonants
ขฃฉฐถผฝศษสห
Result
Rising tone
ngǎm
Dips low first, then rises clearly.
High class + No tone mark + Live syllable → Rising
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |