แด่
dɛ̀ɛMeanings
1PrepositionB1
to; for [sb] (formal)
a formal preposition marking the recipient or addressee [sb] of an action (to; for), used in respectful, written, or ceremonial contexts
Examples
ขอkɔ̌ɔขอkɔ̌ɔ1[to] request; ask for [sth]2polite request marker3[to] beg; plead4[to] wish for; pray forแสดงความยินดีsà-dɛɛng-kwaam-yin-diiแสดงความยินดีsà-dɛɛng-kwaam-yin-dii[to] congratulate [sb] (on [sth])แด่dɛ̀ɛแด่dɛ̀ɛ1to; for [sb] (formal)2stretched out; flat and motionlessผู้สำเร็จการศึกษาpûu-sǎm-rèt-gaan-sʉ̀k-sǎaผู้สำเร็จการศึกษาpûu-sǎm-rèt-gaan-sʉ̀k-sǎagraduateทุกท่านtúk-tânทุกท่านtúk-tâneveryone; everybody (polite)
Congratulations to all graduates.
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จดหมายjòt-mǎaiฉบับchà-bàpนี้níiเขียนkǐianแด่dɛ̀ɛคณะกรรมการká-ná-gam-má-gaanมหาวิทยาลัยmá-hǎa-wít-tá-yaa-lai
This letter is written to the university committee.
ข้าพเจ้าkâa-pá-jâaoขอกราบขอบพระคุณkɔ̌ɔ-gràap-kɔ̀ɔp-prá-kunแด่dɛ̀ɛอาจารย์aa-jaanผู้pûuมีmiiพระคุณprá-kunทุกท่านtúk-tân
I respectfully express my gratitude to all esteemed teachers.
บทกวีbòt-gà-wiiบทbòtนี้níiอุทิศù-títแด่dɛ̀ɛวีรชนwii-rá-chonผู้สละชีพpûu-sà-là-chîipเพื่อpʉ̂ʉaส่วนรวมsùuan-ruuam
This poem is dedicated to the heroes who sacrificed their lives for the public.
2Adverb
stretched out; flat and motionless
with the body stretched out flat and still, especially when lying helplessly or without moving
Examples
เขาkăoเขาkăo1he; him2she; her3they; them (context-dependent)4horn5mountain; hillเหนื่อยมากnèuua-i mâakเหนื่อยมากnèuua-i mâakvery tired; exhaustedจนjonจนjon1poor2until; up to3so ... that; to the point ofลงไปlong bpaiลงไปlong bpai1[to] go down; descend (away)2directional particle: down/into (away)3and below; downward from (a point)นอนnonนอนnon1[to] sleep2[to] lie down; recline3reclining; lying downแผ่pàeแผ่pàe1[to] spread; extend2[to] radiate; emit3[to] disseminate; propagate4[to] extend loving-kindness; share meritแด่dàeแด่dàe1to; for [sb] (formal)2stretched out; flat and motionlessอยู่yòoอยู่yòo1[to] live; reside; stay2to be (located); be at3progressive/continuative marker4to exist; remainบนbonบนbon1on; upon; in; above2upper; top3[to] vow (at a shrine)พื้นpéunพื้นpéun1floor2ground; base surface; bottom3basis; level; background (figurative)4background (color/pattern)
He was so tired that he lay flat out on the floor.
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ฉันchǎnเห็นhěnเขาkǎoนอนnɔɔnแผ่pɛ̀ɛแด่dɛ̀ɛอยู่yùuข้างkâangเตียงdtiiangเรียกrîiakเท่าไรtâo-raiก็gɔ̂ไม่mâiขยับkà-yàpจึงjʉngรีบrîipโทรtooขอkɔ̌ɔความช่วยเหลือkwaam-chûuai-lʉ̌ʉa
I saw him lying flat and motionless beside the bed. When he didn't move despite my repeated calls, I quickly phoned for help.
หลังจากlǎng-jàakขนkǒnของขึ้นkɔ̌ɔng-kʉ̂nลงlongบันไดban-daiตลอดทั้งวันdtà-lɔ̀ɔt-táng-wanเขาkǎoก็gɔ̂หมดแรงmòt-rɛɛngนอนnɔɔnแผ่pɛ̀ɛแด่dɛ̀ɛอยู่yùuกลางglaangห้องhɔ̂ngแม้แต่mɛ́ɛ-dtɛ̀ɛจะjàลุกlúkไปbpaiอาบน้ำàap-náamก็gɔ̂ยังyangไม่ไหวmâi-wǎi
After carrying things up and down the stairs all day, he lay flat out in the middle of the room, too exhausted even to get up and shower.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classMid class
- Tone markMai ek
- Syllable endingLive syllableNot needed here: the tone mark decides.
Mid class consonants
กจฎฏดตบปอ
Result
Low tone
dɛ̀ɛ
Starts low and stays low, easing slightly down.
Mid class + Mai ek → Low
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |