จัณฑ์
janMeaning
1AdjectiveC2
fierce; cruel
fierce, cruel, savage, or harsh (typically used in literary or formal contexts)
Examples
พญาpá-yaaพญาpá-yaa1ruler; king; lord (historical)2honorific prefix for great beings3chief; great one (for animals/plants)ช้างcháangช้างcháangelephantสารsǎanสารsǎan1substance; material2message; content3letter; epistle (formal/literary)4essence; substance (figurative)ตัวนั้นdtuua-nánตัวนั้นdtuua-nánthat one [animal, item]มีmiiมีmii1[to] have; possess2there is/are; exist3[to] experience; undergoนิสัยní-sǎiนิสัยní-sǎi1habit2character; dispositionดุdùดุdù1strict; stern; scolding2fierce; aggressive; ferocious3[to] scold; rebukeจัณฑ์janจัณฑ์janfierce; cruelเมื่อmʉ̂ʉaเมื่อmʉ̂ʉa1when; at the time that2at; in; on (with time expressions)ตกdtòkตกdtòk1[to] fall; drop2(rain/snow) fall3[to] fail (an exam/test)4[to] drop; decline; decrease5[to] cost; come to6[to] set (of the sun)7[to] fall to; devolve upon; be allotted to8[to] be left out; miss one’s turnมันmanมันman1it (thing/animal)2greasy; oily; fatty3fun; thrilling; highly entertaining4he/she (colloquial, impolite)5starchy tuber; tuberous crop6fat; grease7shiny; glossy8creamy; rich (texture/taste)ควาญช้างkwaan-cháangควาญช้างkwaan-cháangmahout; elephant handlerจึงjʉngจึงjʉng1therefore; so; thus2only then; then (as a result)ต้องdtɔ̂ngต้องdtɔ̂ng1must; have to2must; bound toล่ามโซ่lâam-sôoล่ามโซ่lâam-sôo[to] chain [sb/sth] upไว้wáiไว้wái1[to] keep; save; store2[to] set aside; reserve3for later; in reserve4[to] leave (something) as is5marks retention or maintenance of a state6[to] wear; sport (hair/moustache/etc.)อย่างแน่นหนาyàang-nɛ̂n-nǎaอย่างแน่นหนาyàang-nɛ̂n-nǎa1securely; tightly; firmly2sturdily; solidly3under tight security; heavily (guarded)
That great elephant has a fierce nature when in musth, so the mahout must chain it tightly.
3 more examplesShow less
ในnaiวรรณคดีwan-ná-ká-diiยักษ์yákมักจะmák-jàถูกtùukพรรณนาpan-ná-naaว่าwâaมีmiiอารมณ์aa-romเกรี้ยวกราดgrîiao-gràatและlɛ́มีmiiสันดานsǎn-daanจัณฑ์janจนjonเป็นที่bpen-tîiหวาดกลัวwàat-gluuaของkɔ̌ɔngมนุษย์má-nút
In literature, giants are often described as having a wrathful temper and a savage nature, making them feared by humans.
พายุpaa-yúคลั่งklângพัดกระหน่ำpát-grà-nàmด้วยdûuaiแรงลมrɛɛng-lomอันanจัณฑ์janทำลายtam-laaiบ้านเรือนbâan-rʉʉanริมrimชายฝั่งchaai-fàngจนjonพังพินาศpang-pí-nâat
The raging storm battered with fierce winds, completely destroying coastal houses.
แม้mɛ́ɛบทกวีbòt-gà-wiiจะjàพรรณนาถึงpan-ná-naa-tʉ̌ngความงามkwaam-ngaamของkɔ̌ɔngท้องทะเลtɔ́ɔng-tá-leeแต่dtɛ̀ɛก็gɔ̂มิได้mí-dâaiละเลยlá-ləəiที่จะtîi-jàกล่าวถึงglàao-tʉ̌ngคลื่นลมklʉ̂ʉn-lomอันanจัณฑ์janที่tîiพร้อมprɔ́ɔmจะjàกลืนกินglʉʉn-ginนาวาnaa-waa
Although the poem describes the beauty of the sea, it does not neglect to mention the fierce waves and wind ready to swallow ships.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
Why is จัณฑ์ said จัน?
jan
- Final soundAt the end of a syllable, ณ is said like น (n).Silent letterฑ์ is silent: the ◌์ mark cancels its sound.
The tone rules below use the spoken syllables.
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classMid class
- Tone markNo tone mark
- Syllable endingLive syllableEnds in -ณ, a sonorant, so it is live.
Mid class consonants
กจฎฏดตบปอ
Result
Mid tone
jan
Level, in your normal speaking voice.
Mid class + No tone mark + Live syllable → Mid
ฑ์ is silent here.
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |