คล้ำ
klámMeanings
1AdjectiveA2
dark-skinned; tanned; swarthy
darker in skin tone or complexion; looking tanned or swarthy (often of a person’s skin)
Examples
กลับglàpกลับglàp1[to] return; go/come back2[to] turn over/flip/reverse3back; in return4contrary; on the contraryจากjàakจากjàak1from; away from2[to] leave; depart; part from3nipa palmทะเลtá-leeทะเลtá-lee1sea2seaside; the beachแล้วlɛ́ɛoแล้วlɛ́ɛo1already; now (as of this point)2then; and then; after that3already; completed-action marker4and; and then (linking clauses)ผิวpǐuผิวpǐu1skin2surface3complexion; skin toneฉันchǎnฉันchǎn1I; me2[to] eat (of Buddhist monks and novices)คล้ำklámคล้ำklám1dark-skinned; tanned; swarthy2dark; dusky (color/light)ขึ้นkʉ̂nขึ้นkʉ̂n1[to] go up; rise; ascend2[to] increase3[to] board; get on4result complement: upward/better5postverbal particle: onset or occurrence6[to] sprout; grow; appear7northward/up-country8waxing phase (of the moon)
After returning from the beach, my skin got darker.
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เมื่อวานmʉ̂ʉa-waanเธอtəəซ้อมsɔ́ɔmกลางแดดglaang-dɛ̀ɛtเลยləəiดูหน้าduu-nâaคล้ำklámกว่าปกติgwàa-bpòk-gà-dtì
She practiced under the sun yesterday, so her face looks darker than usual.
ช่วงนี้chûuang-níiทำงานtam-ngaanกลางแจ้งglaang-jɛ̂ɛngทุกวันtúk-wanผิวpǐuก็เลยgɔ̂-ləəiคล้ำklámเร็วreoมากmâak
Lately I work outdoors every day, so my skin has been getting dark very quickly.
เขาkǎoชอบchɔ̂ɔpเล่นกีฬาlên-gii-laaกลางแจ้งglaang-jɛ̂ɛngจนjonผิวpǐuคล้ำklámเป็นbpenสีsǐiแทนtɛɛnดูduuแข็งแรงkɛ̌ng-rɛɛngดีdii
He enjoys outdoor sports so much that his skin is tanned and dark, making him look healthy.
2AdjectiveB1
dark; dusky (color/light)
somewhat dark or not bright in appearance, such as color or lighting that looks dusky or shadowy
Examples
ไฟfaiไฟfai1fire; flame2electricity; power3light (from a lamp)4signal light; indicator5anger; passion (figurative)ในnaiในnai1in; inside; within2during; in (time)3of; belonging to (formal)ห้องhɔ̂ngห้องhɔ̂ng1room2classifier: roomsคล้ำklámคล้ำklám1dark-skinned; tanned; swarthy2dark; dusky (color/light)ไปหน่อยbpai-nɔ̀iไปหน่อยbpai-nɔ̀i1a little (farther/over); slightly2a bit (too); somewhat excessiveมองmɔɔngมองmɔɔng1[to] look at2[to] watch; observe3[to] view; regard; considerหนังสือnǎng-sʉ̌ʉหนังสือnǎng-sʉ̌ʉ1book (printed work)2document; letterไม่ค่อยmâi-kɔ̂iไม่ค่อยmâi-kɔ̂i1rarely; seldom; not often2not very; hardly (degree)ชัดchátชัดchát1clear; sharp (visible/audible)2clear; definite3clearly
The lighting in the room is a bit dim, so it’s hard to read the book clearly.
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ผ้าม่านpâa-mâanสีsǐiคล้ำklámทำให้tam-hâiห้องนั่งเล่นhɔ̂ng-nâng-lênดูduuสงบsà-ngòpแต่dtɛ̀ɛไม่mâiสว่างsà-wàang
The darkish curtains make the living room feel calm but not bright.
หมึกmʉ̀kในnaiปากกาbpàak-gaaเริ่มrə̂əmคล้ำklámและlɛ́ซีดsîitทำให้tam-hâiตัวหนังสือdtuua-nǎng-sʉ̌ʉดูหม่นduu-mòn
The ink in the pen has become dusky and faded, making the text look dull.
ทางเดินtaang-dəənใช้cháiไฟfaiสีนวลsǐi-nuuanแต่dtɛ̀ɛคล้ำklámเล็กน้อยlék-nɔ́ɔiจึงjʉngต้องdtɔ̂ngติดไฟdtìt-faiพื้นpʉ́ʉnเพิ่มpə̂əmเพื่อpʉ̂ʉaความชัดเจนkwaam-chát-jeen
The corridor uses warm but somewhat dim lighting, so floor lights were added for clarity.
This morning the sky is so overcast it looks like it will rain all day.
ตอนบ่ายdtɔɔn-bàaiลมแรงlom-rɛɛngและlɛ́ฟ้าfáaคล้ำklámทำให้tam-hâiห้องเรียนhɔ̂ng-riianมืดลงmʉ̂ʉt-longทันทีtan-tii
In the afternoon the wind picked up and the sky turned overcast, making the classroom go dark at once.
เมฆmêekหนาทึบnǎa-tʉ́pปกคลุมbpòk-klumจนjonบรรยากาศban-yaa-gàatคล้ำklámและlɛ́อึมครึมʉm-krʉmเหมือนmʉ̌ʉanเมืองmʉʉangทั้งtángเมืองmʉʉangเงียบngîiapลงlong
Thick clouds covered the sky, making the atmosphere overcast and gloomy, as if the whole city fell silent.
ฟ้าfáaคล้ำklámตั้งแต่dtâng-dtɛ̀ɛเช้าcháoส่งผลให้sòng-pǒn-hâiทิวทัศน์tiu-tátริมทะเลrim-tá-leeดูหม่นduu-mònและlɛ́ไร้ráiประกายbprà-gaai
The sky was overcast since morning, making the seaside scenery look dull and without sparkle.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classLow classConsonant clusterIn the cluster คล, the first consonant ค sets the class.
- Tone markMai tho
- Syllable endingLive syllableNot needed here: the tone mark decides.
Low class consonants
คฅฆงชซฌญฑฒณทธนพฟภมยรลวฬฮ
Result
High tone
klám
Starts high and keeps climbing.
Low class + Mai tho → High
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |