ข้างต้น
kâang-dtônMeanings
1AdjectiveB1
above-mentioned; foregoing
used to describe something mentioned earlier in a text or speech
Examples
กรุณาgà-rú-naaกรุณาgà-rú-naa1please (polite/formal request)2kindness; benevolence3kind; benevolentอ่านàanอ่านàan1[to] read2[to] read aloud; pronounce3[to] interpret; make sense of4[to] read data (computing)รายละเอียดraai-lá-ìiatรายละเอียดraai-lá-ìiatdetail; detailsข้างต้นkâang-dtônข้างต้นkâang-dtôn1above-mentioned; foregoing2above; previouslyก่อนgɔ̀ɔnก่อนgɔ̀ɔn1before; earlier; previously; first2previous; prior; formerตัดสินใจdtàt-sǐn-jaiตัดสินใจdtàt-sǐn-jai[to] decide
Please read the details above before making a decision.
3 more examplesShow less
จากjàakกฎระเบียบgòt-rá-bìiapข้างต้นkâang-dtônเราraoไม่สามารถmâi-sǎa-mâatอนุญาตให้à-nú-yâat-hâiคุณkunเข้าไปkâo-bpaiได้dâai
According to the rules mentioned above, we cannot allow you to enter.
ถ้าtâaมีmiiคำถามkam-tǎamเกี่ยวกับgìiao-gàpข้อมูลkɔ̂ɔ-muunข้างต้นkâang-dtônสามารถsǎa-mâatสอบถามsɔ̀ɔp-tǎamเจ้าหน้าที่jâao-nâa-tîiได้เลยdâai-ləəiครับkráp
If you have any questions regarding the information above, you can ask the staff.
ทางtaangบริษัทbɔɔ-rí-sàtจะjàดำเนินการdam-nəən-gaanตามdtaamเงื่อนไขngʉ̂ʉan-kǎiและlɛ́ข้อตกลงkɔ̂ɔ-dtòk-longที่tîiได้dâaiระบุrá-bùไว้wáiข้างต้นkâang-dtônอย่างเคร่งครัดyàang-krêeng-krát
The company will strictly proceed according to the terms and conditions stated above.
2AdverbB1
above; previously
earlier in a text or speech; in the part before this point
Examples
กรุณาgà-rú-naaกรุณาgà-rú-naa1please (polite/formal request)2kindness; benevolence3kind; benevolentอ่านàanอ่านàan1[to] read2[to] read aloud; pronounce3[to] interpret; make sense of4[to] read data (computing)ข้อมูลkɔ̂ɔ-muunข้อมูลkɔ̂ɔ-muun1information; data (non-count)2data (computing)ข้างต้นkâang-dtônข้างต้นkâang-dtôn1above-mentioned; foregoing2above; previouslyก่อนgɔ̀ɔnก่อนgɔ̀ɔn1before; earlier; previously; first2previous; prior; formerเซ็นชื่อsen-chʉ̂ʉเซ็นชื่อsen-chʉ̂ʉ[to] sign (one's name)
Please read the information above before signing.
3 more examplesShow less
The aforementioned problem has been completely resolved.
จากjàakเหตุผลhèet-pǒnข้างต้นkâang-dtônเราraoจึงjʉngต้องdtɔ̂ngเปลี่ยนbplìianแผนการเดินทางpɛ̌ɛn-gaan-dəən-taang
For the reasons mentioned above, we therefore have to change our travel plan.
ตามที่dtaam-tîiได้dâaiอธิบายà-tí-baaiไว้wáiในnaiย่อหน้าyɔ̂ɔ-nâaข้างต้นkâang-dtônนโยบายná-yoo-baaiนี้níiจะjàเริ่มrə̂əmบังคับใช้bang-káp-cháiในnaiเดือนหน้าdʉʉan-nâa
As explained in the preceding paragraph, this policy will be enforced starting next month.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
2 syllables · pick one to see its rule
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classHigh class
- Tone markMai tho
- Syllable endingLive syllableNot needed here: the tone mark decides.
High class consonants
ขฃฉฐถผฝศษสห
Result
Falling tone
kâang
Starts high, rises a little, then drops clearly.
High class + Mai tho → Falling
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |
Word Breakdown
ข้างkâangข้างkâang1side; flank2beside; next to; by3classifier: sides; paired parts4side; party (in a dispute or game)5side; lateral (modifier)side; flankPart 1
+
ข้างต้นkâang-dtônข้างต้นkâang-dtônabove-mentioned; foregoingabove-mentioned; foregoingWord