ฝุ่น
fùnMeanings
1NounA2
dust; fine dry particles
Very small dry particles in the air or on surfaces that can settle and make things dirty or irritate the nose and lungs.
Examples
โต๊ะdtóโต๊ะdtó1table2deskในบ้านnai-bâanในบ้านnai-bâan1indoors; inside the house2in the house; within the homeมีmiiมีmii1[to] have; possess2there is/are; exist3[to] experience; undergoฝุ่นfùnฝุ่นfùn1dust; fine dry particles2particulate matter (air pollution)ต้องdtɔ̂ngต้องdtɔ̂ng1must; have to2must; bound toเช็ดchétเช็ดchét[to] wipe; dabทุกวันtúk-wanทุกวันtúk-wan1every day; daily2daily; occurring every day
There is dust on the table at home; it needs wiping every day.
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พรุ่งนี้prûng-níiจะjàปัดbpàtชั้นหนังสือchán-nǎng-sʉ̌ʉให้hâiสะอาดsà-àatเพราะprɔ́ฝุ่นfùnเกาะgɔ̀หนาnǎaมากmâak
Tomorrow I will dust the bookshelf clean because dust has built up a lot.
ถ้าtâaเปิดbpə̀ətหน้าต่างnâa-dtàangไว้wáiทั้งวันtáng-wanฝุ่นfùnจะปลิวjà-bpliuเข้ามาkâo-maaเกาะgɔ̀ของใช้kɔ̌ɔng-cháiและlɛ́ทำให้tam-hâiหายใจhǎai-jaiระคายrá-kaaiจมูกjà-mùuk
If the window is left open all day, dust will blow in, settle on belongings, and irritate the nose when breathing.
2NounB2
particulate matter (air pollution)
Tiny solid particles in the air measured as PM (e.g., PM2.5) that affect air quality and health.
Examples
วันนี้wan-níiวันนี้wan-níi1today (time of speech)2today; this day3nowadays; at presentค่าkâaค่าkâa1cost; fee; charge2value; numerical value3worth; value (abstract)4polite/friendly address particleฝุ่นfùnฝุ่นfùn1dust; fine dry particles2particulate matter (air pollution)PM2.5สูงsǔungสูงsǔung1tall; high (physical height)2high (degree/level/price/rank)3up; to a high position4advanced; elevated (abstract)จนjonจนjon1poor2until; up to3so ... that; to the point ofแสบsɛ̀ɛpแสบsɛ̀ɛp1stinging; burning (sensation)2[to] feel a stinging or burning pain3mischievous; audacious; cutting (speech)คอkɔɔคอkɔɔ1neck2throat3collar; neckline4neck (of an object)5enthusiast; fan; loverเวลาออกwee-laa-ɔ̀ɔkเวลาออกwee-laa-ɔ̀ɔkdeparture timeไปbpaiไปbpai1[to] go2away; off (directional complement/particle)3on; onward; continuously (aspect marker)4(aspect) completed; already pastข้างนอกkâang-nɔ̂ɔkข้างนอกkâang-nɔ̂ɔk1outside; outdoors2the outside; exteriorต้องdtɔ̂ngต้องdtɔ̂ng1must; have to2must; bound toใส่หน้ากากsài-nâa-gàakใส่หน้ากากsài-nâa-gàak1[to] wear a mask2[to] put on a facade; hide [one’s] true self
Today the PM2.5 level is so high it stings my throat; you must wear a mask when going out.
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แอปɛ́pบอกว่าbɔ̀ɔk-wâaคุณภาพอากาศkun-ná-pâap-aa-gàatแย่yɛ̂ɛเพราะprɔ́มีmiiฝุ่นfùnPM2.5ลอยlɔɔiหนาแน่นnǎa-nɛ̂nเหนือnʉ̌ʉaเมืองmʉʉang
The app says the air quality is bad because PM2.5 particles are densely floating over the city.
เมื่อmʉ̂ʉaเกิดgə̀ətไฟป่าfai-bpàaปริมาณbpà-rí-maanฝุ่นfùnPM2.5พุ่งขึ้นpûng-kʉ̂nอย่างรวดเร็วyàang-rûuat-reoส่งผลต่อsòng-pǒn-dtɔ̀ɔโรคrôokทางเดินหายใจtaang-dəən-hǎai-jaiของkɔ̌ɔngเด็กdèkและlɛ́ผู้สูงอายุpûu-sǔung-aa-yú
When wildfires occur, PM2.5 levels surge rapidly, affecting respiratory illnesses in children and the elderly.
รัฐบาลrát-tà-baanประกาศbprà-gàatมาตรการmâat-dtrà-gaanฉุกเฉินchùk-chə̌ənหลังlǎngค่าkâaฝุ่นfùnPMเกินgəənมาตรฐานmâat-dtrà-tǎanต่อเนื่องdtɔ̀ɔ-nʉ̂ʉangหลายlǎaiวันwanและlɛ́แนะนำให้nɛ́-nam-hâiเลี่ยงlîiangกิจกรรมgìt-jà-gamกลางแจ้งglaang-jɛ̂ɛng
The government announced emergency measures after PM levels exceeded standards for several days and advised avoiding outdoor activities.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classHigh class
- Tone markMai ek
- Syllable endingLive syllableNot needed here: the tone mark decides.
High class consonants
ขฃฉฐถผฝศษสห
Result
Low tone
fùn
Starts low and stays low, easing slightly down.
High class + Mai ek → Low
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |