คร่ำ
krâmMeanings
1AdjectiveB2
old; timeworn; antiquated (literary/archaic)
Old or timeworn in style or manner; often seen in set phrases (e.g., คร่ำคร่าคร่ำคร่าkrâm-krâavery old and worn; dilapidated).
Examples
เฟอร์นิเจอร์fəə-ní-jə̂əเฟอร์นิเจอร์fəə-ní-jə̂əfurnitureในบ้านnai-bâanในบ้านnai-bâan1indoors; inside the house2in the house; within the homeคุณย่าkun-yâaคุณย่าkun-yâapaternal grandmother; father’s mother (honorific/term of address)ดูduuดูduu1[to] look; watch; see2[to] examine; check; inspect3[to] seem; appear4try; have a go5[to] divine; tell fortuneเก่าคร่ำคร่าgào-krâm-krâaเก่าคร่ำคร่าgào-krâm-krâaancient and dilapidatedแต่ยังdtɛ̀ɛ-yangแต่ยังdtɛ̀ɛ-yangbut still; yetแข็งแรงkɛ̌ng-rɛɛngแข็งแรงkɛ̌ng-rɛɛng1strong; robust2healthy; fitอยู่yùuอยู่yùu1[to] live; reside; stay2to be (located); be at3progressive/continuative marker4to exist; remain
The furniture in grandma's house looks old and timeworn, but it's still sturdy.
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พิพิธภัณฑ์pí-pít-tá-panจัดแสดงjàt-sà-dɛɛngเครื่องมือเครื่องใช้krʉ̂ʉang-mʉʉ-krʉ̂ʉang-cháiที่tîiคร่ำคร่าkrâm-krâaจากjàakสมัยโบราณsà-mǎi-boo-raan
The museum displays timeworn tools and utensils from ancient times.
ความคิดkwaam-kítที่ว่าtîi-wâaผู้ชายpûu-chaaiไม่ต้องmâi-dtɔ̂ngทำงานบ้านtam-ngaan-bâanเป็นแนวbpen-nɛɛoคิดkítที่tîiคร่ำครึkrâm-krʉ́และlɛ́ไม่mâiเข้ากับkâo-gàpยุคสมัยyúk-sà-mǎiแล้วlɛ́ɛo
The idea that men don't have to do housework is an outdated concept that no longer fits the times.
แม้ว่าmɛ́ɛ-wâaรถrótคันkanนี้níiจะjàดูduuคร่ำคร่าkrâm-krâaไปbpaiบ้างbâangแต่dtɛ̀ɛเครื่องยนต์krʉ̂ʉang-yonก็gɔ̂ยังyangทำงานtam-ngaanได้dâaiดีเยี่ยมdii-yîiam
Although this car looks a bit timeworn, its engine still works excellently.
2VerbC1
to lament; wail; grieve (literary)
To express grief or sorrow, often in a literary or poetic register (e.g., คร่ำครวญคร่ำครวญkrâm-kruuan1[to] lament; wail; bewail2[to] complain mournfully).
Examples
เธอtəəเธอtəə1you (informal; familiar)2she; herนั่งnângนั่งnâng1[to] sit; sit down2[to] take; ride [sth] (vehicle)คร่ำครวญkrâm-kruuanคร่ำครวญkrâm-kruuan1[to] lament; wail; bewail2[to] complain mournfullyถึงtʉ̌ngถึงtʉ̌ng1to; until; up to2[to] arrive; reach3to; toward (recipient/goal)4even if; even though5as much as; as many as; to the point of6only then; then as a result (informal)7about; concerning; regardingความผิดพลาดkwaam-pìt-plâatความผิดพลาดkwaam-pìt-plâatmistake; errorในอดีตnai-à-dìitในอดีตnai-à-dìitin the past; formerlyของตัวเองkɔ̌ɔng-dtuua-eengของตัวเองkɔ̌ɔng-dtuua-eengone's own
She sat lamenting her own past mistakes.
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หลังจากlǎng-jàakทีมtiimแพ้pɛ́ɛการแข่งขันgaan-kɛ̀ng-kǎnเขาkǎoก็gɔ̂เอาแต่ao-dtɛ̀ɛคร่ำครวญkrâm-kruuanว่าwâaน่าจะnâa-jàเล่นlênให้hâiดีกว่าdii-gwàaนี้níi
After the team lost the match, he just kept lamenting that he should have played better.
ในnaiวรรณคดีไทยwan-ná-ká-dii-taiเราraoมักจะmák-jàพบpópบทbòtที่tîiตัวละครเอกdtuua-lá-kɔɔn-èekคร่ำครวญkrâm-kruuanถึงtʉ̌ngโชคชะตาchôok-chá-dtaaอันanแสนsɛ̌ɛnอาaaภัพpápของkɔ̌ɔngตนdton
In Thai literature, we often find passages where the main character laments their unfortunate fate.
การgaanมัวแต่muua-dtɛ̀ɛคร่ำครวญkrâm-kruuanถึงtʉ̌ngสิ่งที่sìng-tîiสูญเสียsǔun-sǐiaไปbpaiไม่mâiก่อgɔ̀ɔให้hâiเกิดประโยชน์gə̀ət-bprà-yòotอันใดan-daiมีแต่mii-dtɛ̀ɛจะjàบั่นทอนกำลังใจbàn-tɔɔn-gam-lang-jaiให้hâiย่ำyâmแย่ลงyɛ̂ɛ-long
Merely lamenting what has been lost yields no benefit; it only serves to erode one's morale.
Tones
See how the spelling sets each syllable's tone, step by step.
How the tone is decided
- Consonant classLow classConsonant clusterIn the cluster คร, the first consonant ค sets the class.
- Tone markMai ek
- Syllable endingLive syllableNot needed here: the tone mark decides.
Low class consonants
คฅฆงชซฌญฑฒณทธนพฟภมยรลวฬฮ
Result
Falling tone
krâm
Starts high, rises a little, then drops clearly.
Low class + Mai ek → Falling
Tone chart
Every class and spelling pattern, with this syllable outlined.
| Mid class | High class | Low class | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No mark + live | Mid | Rising | Mid |
| No mark + dead short | Low | Low | High |
| No mark + dead long | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai ek | Low | Low | Falling |
| Mai tho | Falling | Falling | High |
| Mai tri | High | — | — |
| Mai chattawa | Rising | — | — |